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162 BCE
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen was forced to dissect animals and to treat wounded gladiators to learn more about the human anatomy. Dissecting the animals helped Galen with his surgical skills.
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galen-of-Pergamum -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
Lamarck develops Hypothesis on a theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics. His hypothesis was that if an organism changes in its lifespan in order to adapt to its environment, then those changes are passed on to its offspring. He believed that change would happen by the organisms needs and wants. He believed giraffes stretched their necks to reach food.
(http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html) -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
Charles Darwin is invited to sail the H.M.S Beagle as a naturalist around the world. They departed the morning of December 27th 1831 out of England and concluded in 1843. This is where Darwin started to write a multi-volume book of what he had seen. In the Galapagos Islands, Darwin was fascinated by the volcanic rocks and giant tortoises.
https://www.aboutdarwin.com/voyage/voyage03.html -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation, he does this through two experiments. In this experiment he tests whether sterile nutrient broth could spontaneously generate microbial life. He did this by boiling nutrient broth into a flask and bending it in an 's' shape then taking off the top and allowing dusk particles to go into the flask. the broth in the broken glass became cloudy while the non-broken one remained the same. -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
The book known to be one of the most influential books "The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection" by Charles Darwin. Which is published on November 24th 1859. The book consisted Darwin's theory on natural selection in organisms and how they evolve. Natural selection is where an organism evolves to better survive or to create more offspring.
http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/origin-of-species-is-published -
Gregor Mendel publishes works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
A monk named Gregor Mendel published works on inheritance of traits in pea plants in 1865 In his book he introduces the idea that heredity is the result of each parent passing along 1 factor for every trait. If the trait was dominant, it would show in the next . If it was recessive it wouldn't show up but continue to be passed down generations. https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1999-mendel-s-experiments -
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria in 1880. Plasmodium is responsible of 500 million cases of malaria each year. It enters through the bloodstream and go straight to the liver.
http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=44810 -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
French microbiologist Louis Pasteur proved and "fathered" the Germ Theory of Disease, which was published in 1894. The theory was that diseases are caused by microorganisms. His proof of the Germ Theory came when Pasteur was able to grow anthrax bacillus in culture. He took the blood of a sheep dying of anthrax into a culture and watched the disease causing bacteria grow.
https://bigpictureeducation.com/history-germ-theory -
Hardy-Weinberg equation
Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Hardy-Weinberg equation for determining allele frequencies in populations in 1908. This was a mathematical equation to the distribution and expression of alleles in a population.
http://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/Hardy-Weinberg-Equilibrium.html -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage
T. Hunt Morgan discovered that genes are in the chromosomes. He did this by seeing a fruit fly with white eyes instead of red eyes. So he kept the fly and mated it with a red eye fly. Certain characteristics of heredity information are sex linked.
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1910_Morgan.php -
Niels Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure
Niels Bohrs model of the atom structure consisted of a positively charged nucleus which contained protons and neutrons. The structure was surrounded by negatively charged electrons. In which this structure would orbit around in a circular motion around the nucleus.
http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/niel-bohr-atomic-theory.html -
frederick griffith describes the process of transformation
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation in 1928. He did this by doing an experiment with three different types of bacteria known to cause pneumonia in mice. In his conclusion of the experiment he was able to show that bacteria was able to transfer information.
http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/43672.aspx -
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
In 1944, Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code. Working in test tubes, they used detergent to break open heat-killed S cells to separate out the different components. Then they killed off each different components to find out which was the 'transforming principle’. https://www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life -
Hershey-Chase experiments are published
A series of experiments that were conducted in the confirmation that DNA is genetic material. They were conducted by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in 1952. They did this by tracking the transfer of proteins and DNA between virus and it's host.
https://paulingblog.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/the-hershey-chase-blender-experiments/ -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51”
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51” in 1952. Franklin and Gosling used X-ray crystallography to get the image. Which is done by taking a vass amount of X-rays of molecules. The image 51 is a picture of a hydrated 'b' form of DNA. Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling experimented with humidity and how it would affect the images of DNA. Image 51's photo was taken in the highest humidity of 92 percent. -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure. With their discovery of the double helix model it showed insights into the genetic code and protein synthesis.Watson and Crick wanted to look more into the three dimensional gene because they wanted to understand heredity and reproduction.
https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
Meselson and Shah experiment involved the hypothesis that DNA replication was semiconservative. Their work helped cement the concept of the double helix.
http://www.pnas.org/content/101/52/17895.full -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
Marshall Nirenberg cracked the genetic code through protein synthesis. His experiment involved using a synthetic mRNA strand that contained only Uracils. Using the identification of UUU as RNA code for phenylalanine.
https://unlockinglifescode.org/timeline/10/ -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
The endosymbiosis theory is a mechanism that describes how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells. The term "endosymbiosis" means "to cooperate inside".
https://www.thoughtco.com/endosymbiotic-theory-of-evolution-1224532 -
Apollo 11 lands on the moon
Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin were the first people to land on the moon. They took a lunar module which was named "Eagle" and landed on the Sea of Tranquility at exactly 4:17 pm on July 20th 1969. When landed Neil Armstrong said, which to this day is a famous quote: "The Eagle has landed." At 10:56 Armstrong was the first man ever to step onto the moon. http://www.history.com/topics/apollo-11 -
The Sanger Technique is developed
Fred Sanger developed a technique in 1977 with colleagues on a now highly used sequencing method. It was to sequence DNA by using altered versions of the bases A, C, G, and T. These bases stop the replication process when growing strands of DNA.
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/sanger-method-dna-sequencing -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
Deep sea Hydrothermal vents are characterized by different physical and chemical factors. They are caused by a fissure in our planets surface and get heated water flows. This includes the minerals, temperatures, and flow levels of their plumes.
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/ -
spliceosomes were discovered and described
Spliceosomes are found in the splicing of cell nucleolus in Eukaryotic cells. They are RNP that assembles Ribonucleic acid which codes, decodes, regulates genes. The RNA helped see the differences in humans and fruit flies because of the shared similarities of DNA.
http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/3/7/a003707.full -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
Kary Mullis developed the Polymerase Chair Reaction on December 31st 1985. This allowed many scientists to make copies of DNA samples. The procedure that requires placing a small amount of DNA containing the desired gene in the tube.
http://siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html -
The Innocence Project is founded
The innocence project was founded by Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck in 1992. This project was about DNA testing so there would be no wrongly convicted people in criminal law. It was done to help with unjust imprisonment.
https://www.innocenceproject.org/about/ -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
Dolly the sheep the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. The cell came from another white sheep called Finn Dorset who was 6 years old.
http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/timeline/cloning-dolly-the-sheep/ -
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described
CRISPr/CAS 9 is a type of technology that enables genetics to edit parts of the genome by altering sections of the DNA sequence. It's a strip of DNA that can duplicate virus's to help defend themselves from the virus. -
Sahelanthropus Tchadensis fossil discovered
Sahelanthropus Tchadensis is known to be one of the oldest species of the human family tree. A research team of scientists which was led by Michael Brunet. The team discovered the first and only so far nine cranial bones of this species. They were found in Chad, Africa on July 19th 2001 . -
Human genome is fully sequenced
Genome is an organisms complete set of DNA in which they sequence to determine the exact order of the pairs in DNA. Several volunteered their DNA samples for the sequencing. The goal was to create physical and genetic maps of the human genome.
https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/ -
Richard L Bible is executed
Richard Bible was sentenced for imprisonment for sexual assault and killing a 9 year old Jennifer Wilson. He was found guilty through the victims DNA traced through blood that was on his shirt.
http://www.clarkprosecutor.org/html/death/US/bible1259.htm
