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Linnaeus
Linnaeus is the father of taxonomy, which is the science that focuses on naming and classifying and grouping organisms. He published Systema Naturae that explained his new way of classifying nature. Linnaeus named 4,400 animal species and 7,700 plant species. -
James Hutton
Hutton was the father of modern geology. He made up the theory of uniformitarianism and that the earth was being perpetually formed. -
Lamarck
Lamarck is the founder of invertebrae geology and made important contributions to sience as a botanical and zoological systematist. He is remembered for his ideas of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. -
Georges Cuvier
Cuvier's contribution to biology was the idea of extinction. He also discovered paleontology. -
Lyell
Lyell was one of the most important British scientists in history, he wrote "The Principles of Geology." He also produced another book called, "The Antiquity of Man,' which discissed the proof of the long existence of human beings on earth. His primary notion was that all the changes over time of the earth can be detailed by forces of nature. -
Charles Darwin
Darwin traveled to the Galapagos Islands and observed both living organisms and fossils. He noticed that they were all similar and descended from a common ancestor. Darwin then came up with the principle of natural selection. -
Gregor Mendel
Mendel researched tranasmission of hereditary traits through pea plants. He cross fertilized plants with characteristics like: smooth, wrinkled, green, yellow, tall,and short. Through his experiments, he came up with the Law of Segregation and Law of Independent Assortment -
Stem Cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and produce more stem cells through mitosis. These cells are used to regenerate organs and tissue. Bone marrow transplantation uses stem cells. -
Pharmeceuticals
Pharmeceuticals are used in healthcare to help with diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of a disease. Insulin was the first pharmaceutical using genetically engineered bacteria. It is made from the human genes that codes for insulin and it is cloned in the bacteriuma and large quantities are grown through fermentation for humans with diabetes. -
Avery, McCarthy, McCleod
Avery, McCarthy, and McCleoud concluded that DNA, and not proteins causes bacterial transformation. They conducted an experiment where they injected mice with pathogenic strains that killed the mice, a nonpathogenic which did not have an effect on the mice, and heat killed bacteria which also did not affect the mice. -
Wilkins
Wilkins worked with Rosalind and concluded that DNA has a helix shape. -
Franklin
Rosalind produced the first x-ray image of DNA fibers. She used two different fibers of DNA, one being more hydrated than the other. Although she worked with WIlkins, her work was not really noticed as much as his. -
Hershey-Chase
Hershey and Chase concluded that DNA is the genetic material of bacteriophage. They conducted two experiments where non-radioactive bateria were incubated with phages that had either DNA or proteins labeled and allowed the bacteria to infect the phages. Radioactive DNA was always found with the bacteria cells and the radioactive protein was found with the supernatant. -
Watson and Crick
Watson and Crick concluded that the DNA molecule is a three-dimensional double helix. They used other researchers' findings to put together all the informaton and put the model together to make a helix. -
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a method of separation and analysis of macromolecules and their fragments. An electric current is applied and the negatively charged DNA moves through the chambers toward the positive pole. Scientists use this method to detect alterations in the DNA sequence. -
Restriction Enzyme Analysis
Restriction enzymes can along DNA searching for a sequence of bases they recognize. Then is attaches itself to the DNA and cuts it in half and will continue this process until the DNA is broken up into fragments. We use this to form an analysis of these bases in specific regions of DNA -
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering is the manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. This requires manually adding new DNA to an organism. The goal is to add new traits that aren't found in that organism. We use genetic engineering to make "healthier" foods and to eliminate several diseases. -
GMOs
Genetic modification invlovles deletion, insertion, or mutation of a gene. We can manipulate these genes by attachingthe genes to a virus, inserting DNA into the nucleus, electroporation, and by firing small particles using a gene gun. GMOs are used in biological research, argriculture, experimental medicine, and to produce pharmaceutical drugs. An example of this are glofish. -
Plasmid Based Transformation
Trnasformation produces a mixture of relatively few transformed cells and a large amount of non abundant. In a cloning experiment, a gene may be inserted into a plasmid used in transformation. More techniques may be used to further screen for transformed cells that contain plasmid with an insert. -
Transgenic Animals
A transgenic animal is an animal that carries a gene that was inserted into its genome. There are 3 methods for the creation of these animals which are: DNA microinjection, embryonic stem cell mediated gene transfer, and retrovirus mediated gene transfer. We create transgenic animals for specific economic traits and for disease models. -
Polymerase Chain reaction
Polymerase chain reaction is used to copy segments of DNA. This is done by heating DNA so it denatures and an enzyme called taq polymerase builds two new strands of DNA using the original as templates. This machine aids in a numbver of clinical techniques, including DNA fingerprinting, detection of bacteria/viruses, and diagnosis of genetic disorders. -
Cloning
Clones are genetically identical copies of a biological entity. This procedure is done by inserting a gene from one organism into the gentic material of a carrier. The famous animal that was cloned was a sheep named "Dolly." -
Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project is a national research to map and sequnce all the genes in the human genome. Through the mapping of the human genome, scientists can understand diseases, evolution, anthropology, and many other things. The mapping of the genome was completed in 2003.
