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2016 BCE
aristotles scala naturae 476 AD
nature ladder the entire natural world could be arranged in a single continuum -
Dec 12, 1302
galen of pergamon describes the human body 1302
U OF B Italy first documented legal dissection -
lamarche develops hypothesis of evolution published theory 1809
the younger the fossils were the more alike to modern species -
voyage of HMS beagle 1826
sailed lengthy mission warship coveying 10 cannons to explore coastire of south america -
alfred russel wallace ideas of evolutionary process 1858
replicated darwins theory of evolution -
origin of species
charles Darwin foundation of evolutionary biology introduced scientific theory that populations evolve over course of generations through a process of natural selection -
louis pasteur refutes spontaneous generation 1859
designed an experiment to test if sterile nutrient broth could generate microbial life -
mendel publishes works on traits of pea plants 1866
discovered that certain traits show up in offspring without any blending of parent characteristics -
Period: to
challenger oceanography expedition 1872-1876
70,000 mile, 4,700 unknown species discovered, 263 water temp, observations and 492 deep sea surroundings. average global ocean temp. is 0.59 degrees C. -
plasmodium falciparum causative agent of malaria 1880
cylces of parasites were different concluding there must be more than one species of malaria responsible for different patterns of infection -
germ theory of disease published 1892
states that specific microscopic organisms are the cause of specific diseases -
hardywienberg equation for determining allele frequencies in poputaion 1908
states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant on the absence of evolutionary influences -
t-hunt morgan discovers sex-linkage 1910
3:1 ratio similar to breeding experiments for recessive traits white eyed flies were male -
neils bohr develops bohr model of atom structure 1913
small positively charged, nucleus surrounded by electrons that orbit -
frederick griffith describes the process of transformation 1928
bacteria are capable of transferring genetic info through transformation -
dobzhansky publishes genetics and the origin of species 1937
importance of natural selection -
mcclintock describes transposoms 1940
challenged existing concepts of what genes were capable of ding when she discovered some genes were mobile -
beadle and tatum publish 1-gene-1 enzyme hypothesis 1941
theory that each gene directly prduces a single enzyme -
ernst mayr develops biological species concept 1942
a species is not just a group of morphologically similar individuals but a group that can breed only amongst themselves -
jacques cousteu develops SCUBA 1943
cousteu and gagnan developed aqualung attached regulator to 3 cylinders or air enable divers to dive deeper for long periods of time -
avery, maclead, mccarty determine DNA is a molecute that carries genetic code 1944
worked with bacterium that cause pneumonia streplococcus pneumoniae -
ensatina described as a ring species
distributed along mountains of north America. as the ancestral population began expanding they gradually became different -
ensatina described as a ring species
distributed along mountains of north America as the ancestral population began expanding they gradually became different 1949 -
natural selection for reproductive isolation between drosophila pseudoobscura
by-product of genetic divergence the isolation may be a result of change in gene function -
rosalind franklin develops imae 51
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hershey-chase experiments 1952
provided further proof genes were DNA. worked with virus T2 they concluded the bacteriophages injected into bacterial cells while protein components remain outside -
miller-urey experiment 1952
stimulated the conditions thought at the time to be present on the early earth andtested the chemical origin of life under conditions -
meselon stahl work DNA replication 1953
helped cement concept of double helix -
watson and crick purpose of double helix 1953
model of DNA structure showed that each DNA strand was a template for the other -
endosymbiosis described by lynn marguh 1960
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apollo II lands on moon
first space flight that landed humans on moon. neil Armstrong, buzz aldrin, and Michael Collins -
spliceosomes discovered 1970
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nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution 1973
said this to assert the importance of orgasmic biology in response to thechallenge of rising field of molecular biology -
lucy discovered 1974
lived about 3.85 million years ago best known early human species -
sanger technique developed 1977
enabled many copies of DNA sequence to be quickly produced -
deep sea hydrothermal vents 1977
fissure in plants surface from which geothermally heated water issues -
kary mullis develops polymerase chain reaction 1983
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tommye lee andrew convicted of rape
first American convicted on rape involving DNA evidence -
CRISPr/ CAS 9 1987
prokaryotic immune system that confers resitence to foreign genetic elemets such as those present with plasmids -
innocence project founded 1992
proves wrongly convicted through DNA testing -
dolly sheep cloned
first mammal successfully cloned from adult cell -
sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered 2001
found in west central africa one of the oldest known species in human family tree lived 6 million years ago ape and human like features -
human genome fully sequenced
NHGRI human genome approximately 3 billion base pairs 23 pairs of chromosomes without nucleus. 30,000 genomes make average 3 proteins it was sequenced to help improve human health -
homo denisova fossil discovered 2008
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richard l bible executed
rape and murder 1988 of 9 year old jenifer wilson
