-
160
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen was a Greek physician that advocated for dissection and used surgical skills on animals to distinguish anatomy including seven cranial nerves, heart valves, and noticed the difference between veins and arteries. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galen-of-Pergamum -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
Lamarck theorized that if an organism adapts during its lifetime to survive, it will pass those new adaptions on to its offspring. Lamarck also believes that we will be born without unnecessary organs such as the appendix or pinky toe. He also thought that evolution occurs according to a predetermined plan and the results have already been decided. http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
Darwin set out to travel the world on the HMS Beagle; here he found his theory about evolution and sparked his interest. This trip changed his life and determined his career. https://www.aboutdarwin.com/voyage/voyage03.html http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world/ -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
Germ Theory of Disease states that there are no such thing as spontaneous cells, as believed before, and that "bad air" is not to blame for diseases as those in BC believed. Louis Pasteur, a Frenchman, and Robert Koch, who was German, went through a wine distillery to prove that germs are not created out of thin air and come from other cells. https://bigpictureeducation.com/history-germ-theory -
Alfred Russel Wallace published ideas of evolutionary processes
Wallace and Darwin worked together on the idea of evolution but Darwin got most credit. In 1855 he came to the conclusion that animals adapt to their environment and surroundings. http://www.npr.org/2013/04/30/177781424/he-helped-discover-evolution-and-then-became-extinct -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
Used necked-flask with broth in it to refute spontaneous generation and find that there must be a way that microbes are being introduced into the environment causing replication. http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/louis-pasteur-experiment-refute-spontaneous-generation/ -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection which led our world to modern botany, cellular biology, and even genetics. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/origin-of-species-is-published -
Gregor Mendel publishes works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
Mendel worked on this from 1856-1863 and published his work in 1865 which found the roles on dominant and recessive genes and how inheritance works and which traits are passed on and why to their offspring. http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html -
Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Hardy-Weinberg equation for determining allele frequencies in populations
Hardy and Wienberg developed the Hardy-Weinberg equation which is a mathematical equation used to calculate genetic variation of a population at equilibrium. http://anthro.palomar.edu/synthetic/synth_2.htm -
Neils Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure
Bohr explained how electrons can be stable around a nucleus. He modified the Rutherford model by theorizing that electrons move in orbits of fixed size and energy. http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/glossary/bohr_atom.html -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage
Morgan published “The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity.” He recognized that there are traits that are sex linked because they are on the same chromosome that determines the sex of the offspring. http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-and-sex-linkage-452 -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes Genetics and the Origin of Species
His book is centered around Darwin's theory of evolution in terms of genetics. His information works with Darwin's and Mendel's previous findings. http://www.pnas.org/content/94/15/7691.full -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
Used heat-killed bacteria to describe transformation. Many mice died and those that died even had the ability to kill other mice with the bacteria. Long before DNA was founded, he recognized there were different strains of bacteria. https://explorable.com/transforming-principle -
Beadle and Tatum publish the 1 gene-1 enzyme hypothesis
Beadle theorized that each gene directly produces a single enzyme, which consequently affects an individual step in a metabolic pathway. They also then found genes specify protein products. In 1941 Beadle and Tatum published their results in "Genetic control of biochemical reactions in Neurospora," in which Beadle proposed the one gene–one enzyme hypothesis. https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/george-w-beadles-one-gene-one-enzyme-hypothesis -
Jacques Cousteau develops SCUBA
Cousteau developed a way to get compressed air to divers, showed the world through Oscar-winning films the beauty of the world underwater, and even explained the importance of keeping marine life healthy and safe. http://www2.padi.com/blog/2014/01/27/jacques-cousteau-the-father-of-scuba-diving/ -
Ernst Mayr develops the Biological Species Concept
Mayr was an evolutionary biologists who approached Charles Darwin’s species problem with a new definition for species in his book “Systematics and the Origin of Species”. Mayr wrote that "a species is not just a group of morphologically similar individuals, but a group that can breed only among themselves, excluding others" http://www.pnas.org/content/102/suppl_1/6600.full -
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty helped demonstrate the role of DNA as the carrier of genetic information. They did so by working with bacterium such as pneumonia and strep to find how DNA plays a role. http://www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life -
Barbara McClintock describes transposons
McClintock was a cytogenesicist that discovered transposition and determined that genes are responsible for turning physical characteristics on and off. http://www.pnas.org/content/109/50/20198.full -
Miller-Urey experiments published
They believed that several organic compounds could be formed spontaneously by simulating the conditions of Earth's early atmosphere. http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/Life/miller_urey.html -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51”
Photo 51 shows an X-ray diffraction of DNA. This image helped recognize that DNA is in fact made of a double helix. http://www.brighthub.com/science/genetics/articles/76072.aspx -
Hershey-Chase experiments are published
Alfred Hershey, a Carnegie Institution researcher working at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and his lab technician Martha Chase tracked the protein transfer between viruses and their hosts and found that DNA itself held all of the genetic material, not the protein as originally theorized. http://paulingblog.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/the-hershey-chase-blender-experiments/ -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
Watson and Crick find that DNA is a double helix while Erwin Chargaff had found that while the amount of DNA and of its four types of bases. All together, they helped create a better understanding of DNA. https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
An experiment by matthew Meselson and Canadian biologist, Mason McDonald, and Canadian nuclear physicist, Amandeep Sehmbi, in 1958 showed that DNA replication was semiconservative (AKA when the double helix is replicated, it uses one of the original strands as a template for the new strand). http://www.pnas.org/content/101/52/17895.full -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
Lynn Magulis recognized that natural selection acting on mutations could generate new adaptations and new species. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_24 -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
Marshall Nirenberg and his colleagues focused on how DNA directs protein synthesis and the role of RNA in these processes. They found RNA doesn't use thymine but switches it for uracil. https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/gene-code/history.html -
Theodosius Dobzhansky publishes “Nothing in Science Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.”
This essay was written in 1973 in order to criticize anti-evolution creationism. https://caffeinatedthoughts.com/2013/12/10-things-know-science-evolution/ -
Australopithicus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil discovered
Donald Johanson in Hadar, Ethiopia discovered Lucy, a relatively complete female dated back 3.2 million years. Named after Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds by the Beatles. Australopithecus is a species of southern apes. https://australianmuseum.net.au/australopithecus-afarensis -
Spliceosomes were discovered and described
Spliceosomes are huge, multimegadalton ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes found in eukaryotic nuclei. Splicing is an essential step in eukaryotic mRNA synthesis. http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(14)01553-X?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS096098221401553X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&cc=y= -
The Sanger Technique is developed
Frederick Sanger developed the classical “rapid DNA sequencing” technique which is now used to identify which nucleotides are used in DNA sequencing and where they're used. https://www.dnalc.org/view/15479-Sanger-method-of-DNA-sequencing-3D-animation-with-narration.html -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
Deep-sea thermal vents were discovered when scientists wondered why there were such major temperature spikes under the sea. They also then discovered the unique ecosystem of the sea and recognized that bacteria in the ocean were converting toxic minerals into useful energy sources. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/ -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
Officially used PCR to make millions of samples of DNA. This is the type of DNA recognition that criminologists use to link people to crimes and medical professionals use it to find genetic disorders in their patients. http://siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html -
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape
A serial rapist is convicted after DNA links him to the crimes from his blood and fingerprints. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/06/us/rapist-convicted-on-dna-match.html -
The Innocence Project is founded
The Innocence Project is a legal organization created to use DNA evidence to exonerate innocent convictions. https://www.innocenceproject.org/about/ -
Dolly The Sheep Is Cloned
Dolly the Sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult cell. They named her Dolly because the cell that started the cloning process was a mammary cell. They used somatic cell nuclear transfer, in which a cell is placed in a de-nucleated ovum, the two cells fuse and then develop into an embryo https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/dolly_the_sheep.htm -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
In 2001, anthropologists found a seven million year old Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil. They nicknamed him Toumaï, for "hope of life" and saw his posture suggests he walked upright. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/sahelanthropus-tchadensis-ten-years-after-the-disocvery-2449553/ -
Human genome is fully sequenced
April 14, 2003 the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium announced its first completed human genome sequence. There was a significant difference between this first finished human genome and the drafts the scientists had been working on before hand with more accuracy and less gaps. https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/ -
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described
CRISPr/CAS 9 is a DNA editing gene that is faster and more accurate that can remove and alter DNA sequencing. First discovered in archeae by Francisco Mojica. http://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-cas9 https://www.broadinstitute.org/what-broad/areas-focus/project-spotlight/questions-and-answers-about-crispr -
Homo denisova fossil discovered
Denisovans are an extinct human species that are sisters to Neanderthals and a pinky finger was found in Denisova cave in Siberia's Altai Mountains. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3321354/The-mysterious-cousin-lived-alongside-Neanderthals-Homo-sapiens-DNA-shows-Denisovans-far-widespread-thought.html -
Richard L Bible is executed
Richard Bible was a man who was put to death after being convicted of brutally murdering and raping a 9 year old girl 23 years ago in 1988. A DNA analysis of hairs found on Jennifer's body and clothing incarcerated him and found him guilty. https://deathpenaltynews.blogspot.com/2011/06/arizona-executes-richard-lynn-bible.html
