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Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen had great expertise in anatomy, surgery, pharmacology and therapeutic methods. He is famous for bringing philosophy into medicine – although most of his philosophical works have been lost.
Galen was born in the year 129 https://www.famousscientists.org/galen/ -
1546
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
This theory states that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that invade humans and animals and cause disease by their reproduction and growth within their hosts. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20370/ -
Lamarck develops Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. He said that change is made by what the organisms want or need. http://necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/lamarck/lamarck_lamarck.html -
The Voyage of the HMS Beagle
HMS Beagle as ship's naturalist for a trip around the world. For most of the next five years, the Beagle surveyed the coast of South America, leaving Darwin free to explore the continent. https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/a-trip-around-the-world/ -
Gregor Mendel publishes works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
Gregor Mendel, through his work on pea plants, discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He deduced that genes come in pairs and are inherited as distinct units, one from each parent. Mendel tracked the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.html -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur Experiment: Refute Spontaneous Generation. To do this, he set up two experiments. In both, Pasteur added nutrient broth to flasks, bent the necks of the flasks into S shapes, and then boiled the broth to kill any existing microbes. http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/louis-pasteur-experiment-refute-spontaneous-generation/ -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection
This is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology, it is written by Charles Darwin. It introduces the scientific theory and natural selection https://www.allaboutscience.org/origin-of-species.htm -
Plasmodium falciparum is described as the causative agent of malaria
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicelluar protozoan parasite of humans, and the deadliest species of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans. It is transmitted through the bite.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodium_falciparum -
Hardy and Weinberg independently develop the Hardy-Weinberg equation for determining allele frequencies in populations
Allele Frequencies. A significant question in population genetics, therefore, is determining the frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles in a population. http://www.biologyreference.com/Gr-Hi/Hardy-Weinberg-Equilibrium.html -
T. Hunt Morgan discovers sex-linkage
Thomas Hunt Morgan peered through a hand lens at a male fruit fly, and he noticed it didn't look right. Instead of having the normally brilliant red eyes of the wild-type fruit fly, this fly had white eyes. After a few test crosses involving this fly, Morgan saw that the white-eye trait exhibited an inheritance pattern. http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/thomas-hunt-morgan-and-sex-linkage-452 -
Neils Bohr develops the Bohr model of atom structure
It depicts the atom as a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons that travel in circular orbits around the nucleus—similar to structure of the Solar System, https://www.livescience.com/32016-niels-bohr-atomic-theory.html -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
It was one of the first experiments showing that bacteria can get DNA through a process called transformation https://explorable.com/transforming-principle -
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
that DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation, in an era when it had been widely believed that it was proteins that served the function of carrying genetic https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery–MacLeod–McCarty_experiment -
Hershey-Chase experiments are published conducted in
It helped to confirm that DNA is genetic material. https://paulingblog.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/the-hershey-chase-blender-experiments/ -
Rosalind Franklin works with DNA and X-Ray crystallography and develops “Image 51”
Franklin was an expert in a powerful technique for determining the structure of molecules, known as X-ray crystallography. When the crystallized form of a molecule such as DNA is exposed to X-rays, https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/dna-as-the-genetic-material/dna-discovery-and-structure/a/discovery-of-the-structure-of-dna -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
Francis Crick marked a milestone in the history of science and gave rise to modern molecular biology, which is largely concerned with understanding how genes control the chemical processes https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/Views/Exhibit/narrative/doublehelix.html -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
The two daughter molecules would thus contain one strand each from the parent molecule, in a semiconservative replication fashion http://www.pnas.org/content/101/52/17895.full -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
The experiment deciphered the first of the 64 triplet codons in the genetic code by using nucleic acid homopolymers to translate specific amino acids. http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1961_Nirenberg.php -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
Dr. Margulis was doing reserarch on the origin of eukaryotic cells. She looked at all the data about prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and organelles. https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history_24 -
Apollo 11 lands on the moon
The first steps by humans on another planetary body were taken by Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on July 20, 1969. The astronauts also returned to Earth the first samples from another planetary body. https://airandspace.si.edu/explore-and-learn/topics/apollo/apollo-program/landing-missions/apollo11.cfm -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
Hydrothermal vents are like geysers, or hot springs, on the ocean floor. Along mid-ocean ridges where tectonic plates spread apart, magma rises and cools to form new crust and volcanic mountain chains. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/media/deep-sea-hydrothermal-vents/ -
The Sanger Technique is developed
Also known as the chain termination method, is a technique for DNA sequencing based upon the selective incorporation of chain-terminating. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/sanger-sequencing -
Spliceosomes were discovered and described
What researchers now know is that cells assemble the spliceosome from an enormous cast of protein and RNA characters. https://cen.acs.org/articles/93/i39/Uncovering-Spliceosomes-Secrets.html -
Kary Mullis develops Polymerase Chain Reaction
He invented the PCR technique in 1985 while working as a chemist at the Cetus Corporation, a biotechnology firm in Emeryville, California. http://siarchives.si.edu/research/videohistory_catalog9577.html -
Richard L Bible is executed
A 9-year old Jennifer Wilson was riding her bike to her Flagstaff ranch and never arrived. Three weeks later, her naked body was found hidden under a tree, covered in branches with her hands tied behind her back http://azdailysun.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/flagstaff-murderer-ricky-bible-executed/article_83b0572d-bc3e-57fc-95c5-a81f7484aecd.html -
CRISPr/CAS 9 is identified and described
CRISPr are segments of prokaryotic DNA containing short repetitions of base sequences. The CRISPR/Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements such as those present within plasmids and phages. https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/what-is-crispr-cas9 -
Human genome is fully sequenced
A T C G were found to be sequenced in the human genome https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/ -
The Innocence Project is founded
This project is a non-profit legal organization that is committed to exonerating wrongly convicted people through the use of DNA testing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocence_Project -
Dolly the sheep cloned
Dolly was the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer. Cloned by Ian Wilmut and his other colleagues at the Roslin Institute http://www.animalresearch.info/en/medical-advances/timeline/cloning-dolly-the-sheep/ -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
Sahelanthropus tchadensis are one of the oldest known species. Even though they lived between 6 to 7 million years ago, http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/sahelanthropus-tchadensis
