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Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus is known as the father of modern taxonomy and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. Carl Linnaeus was the first to frame principles for defining natural genera and species of organisms and to create a uniform system for naming them binomial nomenclature. He is one of the most important scientists in Europe. -
James Hutton
James Hutton is considered the Father of Modern Geology. He originated the theory of uniformitarianism which explains the earth's crust by means of natural processes over geologic time. He thought he could find the history of earth through the soil. -
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck believed that animals could change organs by using bodies in new ways. He thought that life changes over time. He believed that animals change through environmental changes. Plus, he thought that all animals are related in some way. -
Cuvier
Georges Cuvier established the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology through his work in comparing living animals with fossils. Cuvier is known for establishing extinction. Cuvier saw how different envioriment caused animals to change this process catastrophism in geology. -
Charles Lyell
Charles Lyell was one of the first people to believe the world is older than 300 million years. He popularised James Hutton's concepts of uniformitarianism. He challenged theories popularized by Georges Cuvier. He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology. -
Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin created the theory of evoution. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors. He discovered this in the galapagos islands. -
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel is the father of genetics. He discover Law of Independent Assortment. The Principle of Independent Assortment describes how different genes separate from one another when reproductive cells develop. He discovered this through his work on pea plants. -
plasmid based transformation
plasmid based transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material. It is important because it helps us make genetic alteration of genetic material. We can manipulate a bacteria to go into a state of competence. -
Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules. Gel electrophoresis helps us see the size of DNA and RNA fragments. It is important becacuse knowing this help us do other things like PCR and cloning. -
Avery- MacLeod- McCarty
In the 1940's Avery- MacLeod- McCarty pick up Griffith's work. Avery- MacLeod- McCarty discovered that DNA not proteins is what is being passed on to the offspring. Avery- MacLeod- McCarty discovered that DNA is what gives an offsping its phenotype. -
Maurice Wilkins
Maurice Wilkins used x-ray crystallography to discover DNA's 3-D structure. Watson and Crick used the pictures that Maurice Wilkins took to discover DNA's structure. Maurice Wilkins discovered that DNA is common in all forms of life. -
restriction enzyme analysis
restriction enzyme analysis is an enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. It is important because it help fight off viruses in bacteria.
We manipulate it by using it to cut their DNA substrate at their recognition site. -
Hershey-Chase
Hershey-Chase continue Oswald Avery experiment to prove that DNA is are genetics. Hershey-Chase uesd viruses that infected bacteria called bacteriophage. Hershey-Chase uesd radioactive material to see if the protein was passed on or the DNA. It was the DNA. -
Watson and Crick
Watson and Crick discovered the double helix of DNA. Watson and Crick created models of what DNA looks like. Watson and Crick took pictures from Rosalind Franklin to help them discover the DNA structure -
Rosalind Franklin
Rosalind Franklin was a major help in the discovery of DNA. Watson and Crick took her pictures of DNA to discover its structure. They did not give her credit for discovering DNA's structure and she died at the age of 37. -
cloning
There are two methods for cloning artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Artificial Embryo Twinning is when we take an embryo and spit it on a Petri dish instead of inside the mother. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer is basically making a copy of the nucleus and all of its DNA from an egg cell. It is important because we can remake animals if good genes of save endanger species. -
Stem cells
Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide to produce more stem cells. Stem cells are important because they allow us to cell new cells with them. We manipulate them into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves. -
GMOs
GMOs are genetically modified organism. It is important that we know what GMOs are because we make better plants with them. We can change DNA in a lab to make more resistant plants for are benefit. -
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism's genome using biotechnology. We manipulate it by adding more genes to the DNA this makes it able to gain more traits. It is important because we can make more stronger offspring that would not die as easy. -
transgenic animal
A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome. It is important because we do it to make more traits for animals to better the human race. We manipulate it by adding a gene into the DNA. Thet wo methods are the embryonic stem cell method and the pronucleus method. -
pharmaceuticals insulin
The technique used to modified the DNA is recombinant DNA technology. This technique is important because it made stop using insulin from a cow and start producing are own. We manipulate it by producing artificial genes for each of the two protein chains that comprise the insulin molecule. -
polymerase chain reaction
PCR relies on thermal cycling consisting of cycles of repeated heating and cooling of the reaction for DNA melting and enzymatic replication of the DNA. Its is important because is help us see if someone has a hereditary disease. We can manipulate PCR to help us sovle many problems in life like disease. -
human genome project
human genome project was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA. It is important because now we can clone are selves. We can manipulate are DNA to make our selfs better.
