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Cari Linnaeus
Linnaeus -
James Hutton
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Georges Cuvier
Georges Cuvier began his comparisons of fossils with extant forms. He studied skeletal structures from indian and african elephants, and mammoths. He also studied the "ohio animal". During his time he found many different fosils and concluded many skeletons we from extinct animals. -
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
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Charles Lyell
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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel discovered heredity by experiments in his garden. In 1854, Mendel started his research in the transmission of hereditary traits in plants. Mendel’s research continued over eight years (between 1856 and 1863). After analyzing his results, he reached two of the most important conclusions: the Law of Segregation and the Law of Independent Assortment. In 1865, the few references from his work showed that much of it had been misunderstood. It wasn't until later, research was proven. -
Stem Cells
Stem cells have the ability to develop into many different cell types in the body during early life and growth. In the tussue they help repare and duplicate witout harming any other cells. When a stem cell divides, each new cell is able either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function. -
Charels Darwin
Darwin had convinced many scientists that evolution were modifications to living organisms, and had revolutionized those ideas. However few agreed with his idea on "natural selection has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification". -
Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceuticals were use during the middle ages to diagnos illness, cure illnesses, and used to prevent diseases. Insulin was one of he first used pharmacetuical used in the early ears and is still used now. -
Plasmid Based Transformation
Transformation is the the result of genetic altering cells. in some bactierias transformation can occur naturally; however there is a state of climate in order for the transformation process to occur. -
Avery- MacLeod- McCarty
Avery and colleagues investigated the chemical nature of the transforming factor whether it was a protein or a nucleic acid. They reasoned that if the transforming factor was a protein, and with DNAase there should be no effect on the transformation process. In their experiments, Avery found that protease did not affect the ability of 'dead' S to transform R but DNAase did, therefore they concluded that the genetic material in transformation is most likely DNA. -
Maurice Wilkins
WInkins proposed that DNA had a helix shape. He and his close friend Rosalind Franklind worked together in X-Rays because Wilkins wanted to get an X-Ray of DNA. There were 3 different phases that were tide to Wilkins during his research. One was his initial study of the first clear X-ray images of DNA. Second, he produced clear "B form" "X" shaped images from squid sperm and believed DNA was helical. Third, Wilkins significant corrections to the DNA model proposed by Watson and Crick. -
Rosalind Franklin
She worked with Wilkins in understanding how the structures of DNA and RNA were set up. Her DNA work achieved a great and possibly the most impact in biology. Franklin is best known for her X-ray diffraction images of DNA, and other pictures she had, which led to the discovery of the DNA double helix. According to Francis Crick, her data and research were key in determining the structure of DNA. -
Hershey-Chase
Hershey and Chase concluded that DNA is the genetic material of a virus that infects bacteria. Some part of the phage was injected into the bacterium and it was this injected material that conveyed the genetic material needed to produce new phages. Hershey and Chase determined that the phage injected only the DNA into the bacterium and concluded that DNA must be the genetic material in phages. Thus all of the information needed to produce new viruses was contained in the DNA and not the protein. -
Watson and Crick
Watson and Crick began to create a model of DNA which failed. They began to adopt ideas fro Franklins research during her lectures about the helix. the later came to a conclusion DNA was made with two chains and where stretching in opposite directions. -
Restriction Enzyme Analysis ( of DNA)
An enzyme that cuts DNA at or near specific recognition is a restriction enzyme. The restriction enzymes are classified into three types: structure, DNA cut, or whether recognition and cleavage sites are separated from each other. Restriction enzymes make two incisions, one through each sugar-phosphate backbone of the double helix in order to cut the DNA. These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and provide a defence mechanism against viruses. -
Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering is the proccess of scientists manually adding in specific genes in DNA. If an organism going through genetic engeneering is consitered to be a geneticly motified organisms (GMO). Genetic engineering techniques have been applied in numerous fields including research, agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. -
Transgenic Animals
Transgenic Animals are animals in which carry genes from othere species. Two main reasons for scientists to start the Transgenic Animals solution are healthier produce from animals and a healthier safer enviornament. -
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Polymerase Chain Reaction is used to copy pieces of DNA across several orders of magnitudes. There are many uses for Polymerase Chain Reaction, 3 being: cloning, analysis of genes, and diagnosis of hereditary diseases. in order for this process to work it realize on thermal cycling. -
Cloning
Cloning is the process of creating a genetically identical copy of a biological entity. Gene cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning are the three different types of cloning. in order for this to work a gene is inserted to a vector. The vector is taken to a lab where it will then multiply. -
GMO
GMOs are living organisms whose genetic material has been manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. These organismas are not created buy nature and are not marked GMO. GMOs are not only used in foods but also medication. Bacteria were the first to be modified in a labratory in 1987. -
Gel Electrophoresis
Gel Electrophoresis are used for separating macromolecues and their fragments by thier size and charge. its an estamate to show how small or large the dna and rna fragments are. during this process a gel is formed on the inside of the box, the DNA is placed in the holes from a comb, then an electrical currentmoves through the box moving the DNA or RNA fragments to the end of the box. -
Human Genome Project
Human Genome Project is a research to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA. This project had a goal to map out all of a human beings genomes. This waas first thought of by Thomas Hunt Morgan, who tested it on a fuirt fly.
