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In Prison
most resistance leaders had been captured and sentenced to long prison terms or executed. -
Violence
when thousands of Black children in Soweto, a Black township outside Johannesburg, demonstrated against the Afrikaans language requirement for Black African students, the police opened fire with tear gas and bullets. -
The Vote
the UN Security Council voted to impose a mandatory embargo on the sale of arms to South Africa. -
The letter
his followers smuggled a letter from Mandela in prison and made it public: “UNITE! MOBILIZE! FIGHT ON! BETWEEN THE ANVIL OF UNITED MASS ACTION AND THE HAMMER OF THE ARMED STRUGGLE WE SHALL CRUSH APARTHEID! -
Economic Sanctions
the United Kingdom and the United States imposed economic sanctions on the country. -
Step Aside
Botha was pressured to step aside in favor of another conservative president, F.W. de Klerk, who had supported apartheid throughout his political career -
New Constitution
A new constitution, which enfranchised Black citizens and other racial groups -
The end
elections that year led to a coalition government with a nonwhite majority, marking the official end of the apartheid system.