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3 BCE
Pan Africanism
The attempt to create a sense of brotherhood and collaboration among all people of African descent whether they lived inside or outside of Africa. -
Civil Disobedience
The refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest. -
Mohandas Ghandi
an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule. -
Indian National
Aimed to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians and to create a platform for civic and political dialogue between them and the British Raj. -
Constitutional Revolution
The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament in Persia -
Muslim League
The All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906 with the aim of securing Muslim representation in local government. -
“The Shah”
well known in the west as Mohammad Reza Shah, was the last Shah of the Imperial State of Iran from 16 September 1941 -
Detention Camps
Suspected Mau Mau fighters were held and subjected to brutal treatment, including torture, at the hands of the colonial government. -
Period: to
India Independence Movement
It culminated in the Indian Independence Act 1947, which ended Crown suzerainty and partitioned British Raj into Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan -
Salt March
The Indians were forced to incur a heavy salt tax charged by British sellers, especially since salt was a staple in their diet. To protest this law, Gandhi declared resistance to the Salt Act and started a campaign of mass civil disobedience, or 'satyagraha'. -
African National Congress (ANC)
In 1952, he became deputy national president of the ANC, advocating nonviolent resistance to apartheid–South Africa’s institutionalized system of white supremacy and racial segregation. However, after the massacre of peaceful black demonstrators at Sharpeville in 1960, Nelson helped organize a paramilitary branch of the ANC to engage in guerrilla warfare against the white minority government. -
Kenya Africa Union
A political organization in colonial Kenya, formed in October 1944 prior to the appointment of the first African to sit in the Legislative Council. -
Accra Riots
A protest march by unarmed ex-servicemen – who were agitating for their legitimate benefits as veterans of World War II – was broken up by police -
Apartheid
A policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. -
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is an international document adopted by the United Nations General Assembly that enshrines the rights and freedoms of all human beings. -
Period: to
South Africa Apartheid
the racial segregation under the all-white government of South Africa which dictated that non-white South Africans (a majority of the population) were required to live in separate areas from whites and use separate public facilities, and contact between the two groups. -
South Africa: Overcoming Apartheid, Building Democracy
Africans often were compelled to violate the pass laws to find work to support their families, so harassment, fines, and arrests under the pass laws were a constant threat to many urban Africans. Protest against these humiliating laws fueled the anti-apartheid struggle—from the Defiance Campaign (1952–1954), the massive women’s protest in Pretoria (1956), to burning of passes at the police station in Sharpeville where 69 protesters were massacred (1960). -
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Mau Mau Rebellion
The Mau Mau rebellion, also known as the Mau Mau uprising, Mau Mau revolt or Kenya Emergency, was a war in the British Kenya Colony between the Kenya Land and Freedom Army, also known as the Mau Mau, and the British authorities -
Forced removal efforts
From 1960 to 1983, the apartheid government forcibly moved 3.5 million black South Africans in one of the largest mass removals of people in modern history. There were several political and economic reasons for these removals. First, during the 1950s and 1960s, large-scale removals of Africans, Indians, and Coloureds were carried out to implement the Group Areas Act, which mandated residential segregation throughout the country. -
Period: to 1 CE
Ghana Independence Movement
Ghana became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and was led to independence by Kwame Nkrumah who transformed the country into a republic, with himself as president for life. -
Period: to
Congo Independence Movement
A nationalist movement in the Belgian Congo demanded the end of colonial rule: this led to the country's independence on 30 June 1960. -
Assassination of Patrice Lumumba
Lumumba was captured and imprisoned en route by state authorities under Mobutu. He was handed over to Katangan authorities, and executed in the presence of Katangan and Belgian officials and military officers. -
Jomo Kenyatta
Jomo Kenyatta CGH was a Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician who governed Kenya as its Prime Minister -
Nelson Mandela`s statement from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the Rivonia Trial
"I Am Prepared to Die" is the name given to the three-hour speech given by Nelson Mandela on 20 April 1964 from the dock of the defendant at the Rivonia Trial. The speech is so titled because it ends with the words "it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die". -
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Cambodian Civil War
Fought between the forces of the Communist Party of Kampuchea against the government forces of the Kingdom of Cambodia and, after October 1970, the Khmer Republic, which had succeeded the kingdom -
Six Day War
The Six-Day War or June War, also known as the 1967 Arab–Israeli War or Third Arab–Israeli War, was fought between Israel and a coalition of Arab states from 5 to 10 -
Homelands
The Bantustans (also known as “homelands”) were a cornerstone of the “grand apartheid” policy of the 1960s and 1970s, justified by the apartheid government as benevolent “separate development.” The Bantustans were created by the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959, which abolished indirect representation of blacks in Pretoria and divided Africans into ten ethnically discrete groups, each assigned a traditional “homeland.” -
Period: to
Iranian Revolution
Uprising in the Muslim majority country of Iran in 1978–79 that resulted in the toppling of the authoritarian government led by the Shah of Iran, Mohammed -
Nelson Mandela's Inauguration
When Nelson Mandela, an anti-apartheid activist, leader of Umkhonto We Sizwe, lawyer, and former political prisoner, was inaugurated as President of South Africa