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In 1798, the Fifth Congress passed the first federal law concerned with the care of persons with disabilities (Braddock, 1987). This law authorized a Marine Hospital Service to provide medical services to sick and disabled seamen.
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One positive event of this era was the beginning of special education. As teachers in public schools became aware of the increasing numbers of students with learning disabilities, they called for special classes and teachers to educate them. Rhode Island opened the first public special education class in the U.S. in 1896. By 1923, almost 34,000 students were in special education classes.
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A popular textbook for educators by Stanley P. Davies advocates strict control and confinement of persons with disabilities to protect society.
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The concept of "normalization" originated in Denmark in the late 1950s. It meant quite simply allowing persons who lived in institutions to enjoy a normal rhythm of the day. Combined with the continuing stories of abuse and neglect in institutions, the normalization principle helped to convince people that individuals with disabilities belong in the community.
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In 1962, President Kennedy formed the President's Panel on Mental Retardation.
Because of the success of parent advocacy, many states poured money into building new and larger state institutions to meet the increasing demand for services. https://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFK-in-History/JFK-and-People-with-Intellectual-Disabilities.aspx -
Special Olympics is an international organization created to help people with intellectual disabilities develop self-confidence, social skills and a sense of personal accomplishment. Among their other activities, Special Olympics conducts the Special Olympics World Games every two years, alternating between Summer and Winter Games. There are also local, national and regional competitons in over 150 countries worldwide.
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All persons considered to be mentally retarded could benefit from education and training
…schools should provide free, public programs to educate and train that are “appropriate to the child's capacity.” -
Children who had disabilities were not to be denied admission, suspended, expelled, reassigned or transferred from regular public school classes without due process of law.
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Activist Judy Heumann speaks out with passion at a hearing during the battle over Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. One of the most important pieces of legislation during the 1970s was the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.
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This law became known as the “Bill of Rights” for students identified with disabilities and their families. PL 94-142 required states that received federal funds to provide to their students with disabilities… https://cielo24.com/2015/08/the-individuals-with-disabilities-education-act-or-idea/
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Required students have a transition plan by the age of 16 years with activities and interagency linkages for living arrangements, vocational training, and/or additional education.
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Schools allowed to discipline students with disabilities in similar ways as students without disabilities if the misbehavior was not a manifestation of the students’ disabilities
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6 Principles of IDEA
1. Zero reject/No exclusion
2. Protection in evaluation
3. Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
4. Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
5. Procedural Safeguards
6. Parental Participation
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U.S._President_George_W._Bush_signs_No_Child_Left_Behind_education_bill_at_Hamilton_High_School_in_Hamilton,_Ohio_(January_8,_2002).webm
