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Oberti v. Board of Education
Primary Focus: Getting Rafael Oberti, a child with Down Syndrome, placed in a gen ed class with proper supports/accommodations.
Outcome: If placement outside the classroom is necessary, the school district must then include the child in as many school programs with children who do not have disabilities to the maximum extent appropriate. -
Brown v. Board of Education
Primary Focus: Stopping racial segregation in schools. Started because of Linda Brown being denied access to an all white elementary school.
Outcome: Ended legalized segregation in schools and law determined that segregation in school is unconstitutional. -
Civil Rights Act
Primary Focus: Legally stop discrimination and segregation towards people of color, and promote equality.
Outcome: Prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, national origin. -
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Primary Focus: Improve educational opportunities for children in poverty and combat segregation.
Outcome: Funds were granted towards lower income schools for students which ultimately will help increase graduation rates and student success. -
PARC v. Commonwealth of PA
Primary Purpose: Allowing people with intellectual disabilities to have an equal education.
Outcome: Court found many laws affecting people with intellectual disabilities to be unconstitutional and ordered that all students with intellectual disabled be evaluated and placed in a properly funded school setting. -
Larry P. v. Riles
Primary Focus: Determining whether the use of I.Q .(intelligence testing) on students (mainly black students) for special education classes was being fairly used.
Outcome: Court was in favor of the children and ruled that I.Q. testing was no longer allowed to be used to identify or place black students in specialized classes. -
Mills v. Board of Education
Primary Purpose: Allowing an equal opportunity education for those with disabilities and people of color.
Outcome: Court found that Students' success and rights to an education overruled any concerns against funding for accommodations. Students were given due process through a hearing and were allowed back at the school for an equal education with proper needs. -
The Rehabilitation Act-504
Primary Focus: To protect people with disabilities from discrimination against their disability.
Outcome: People with disabilities are protected from discrimination against employers or organizations based on their disabilities. -
The Education for All handicapped Children's Act (PL 94-142)
Primary Focus: Equality for children/youth with disabilities.
Outcome: EHA guaranteed a free, appropriate public education, or FAPE, to each child with a disability in every state and locality across the country. -
EHA Amendment (1975)
Primary Focus: Equal education for all children with disabilities in the U.S.
Outcome: President Ford passed the law for a free appropriate education for all children with disabilities in every state in the country of the United States. -
Armstrong v. Kline
Primary Focus: Extending school resources/educational days for students with disabilities for equal educational rigths.
Outcome: Court ruled that a mandated 180 day school year violated a students rights to a FAPE. -
Hendrick Hudson School v. Rowley
Primary Focus: Having interpretations allowed and able to be used for student's with disabilities. Ex. interpreters/aides for students that are hearing impaired/deaf
Outcome: The court ruled in Rowley's favor and found that because Rowley was lacking an interpreter she was not reaching her full potential in school as other students would be. -
Irving Independent School District v. Tatro
Primary Focus: Provide medical services to student with spinal bifida.
Outcome: Medical services were granted for Tatro. It was determined that in order to receive medical services students must be identified to have a disability. School nurses do not have to provide services if they must be performed by a physician. Also, services can only be done if they benefit special education, no matter how easily they could be provided by a nurse. -
Burlington School Committee v. DOE
Primary Focus: Reimburse Michael Panico's parents for tuition and transportation due to being sent to another school.
Outcome: The family was not reimbursed for the tuition or transportation. Though the District Court of Appeals found that the town erred in their decision. -
Honig v. Doe
Primary Focus: Re-evaluate disciple procedures for handicapped children.
Outcome: Supreme Court ruled that the state must provide services to any disabled child if the local boards fail to do so. Also, the Supreme Court ruled that suspensions for children with disabilities for more than 10 days are not allowed. -
Danny R.R. v. State Board of Education
Primary Focus: Allowing Daniel (a boy with Down Syndrome) enroll in a general education setting with non-disabled children, with special education supports.
Outcome: Court found that Daniel's LRE was not the general education setting, but special education. -
Americans with Disabilities Act
Primary Focus: Protecting those with disabilities from discrimination.
Outcome: Civil Rights law established to protect disabled people from discrimination in employment, transportation. public services, etc. -
EHA Amendment (1990)
Primary Focus: Reauthorization and Renaming of the EHA Amendment.
Outcome: EHA name was changed to the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This act also added traumatic brain injury and autism as new disability categories. -
Board of Education in Sacramento CA v. Holland
Primary Focus: Getting Rachel Holland (a student with high functioning autism) fully enrolled in regular education classes.
Outcome: District ruled that Holland be placed in a regular education classroom with some supplemental special education services. -
Gaskin v. Commonwealth of PA
Primary Focus: Included disabled children with their non-disabled peers and seeking more supports from schools that align with IDEA by training districts in inclusion.
Outcome: IEP requirements gained improvement, students with disabilities cannot be removed from a class based on their disability, aids and services for special education will be better implemented for general education classes. -
EHA/IDEA Amendment (1997)
Primary Focus: Children with Disabilities get a free, appropriate education that caters towards their LRE.
Outcome: Parents were given more access to child progress and general education curriculum. Parents were also give opportunity to resolve disputes with schools through mediation, and states expanded "developmental delay" def. to include students up to age nine. -
Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garrett F
Primary Focus: Allowing students with disabilities who need health/medical related services to be supplied those services through the school. In this case the student was Garrett F who was a quadriplegic and needed a ventilator.
Outcome: Court ruled that medical services are required by the board to integrate students in the education setting. -
No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)
Primary Focus: Improving students success in public schools and hold schools more accountable for student success.
Outcome: Teachers were required to reach higher standards for certification and public schools were required to start yearly standardized tests in mathematics and reading by the state. -
IDEA Amendment (2004)
Primary Focus: Reauthorization of the Amendment.
Outcome: Aligned the IDEA Amendment with No Child Left Behind Act requirements. -
F v. the Douglas County School District
Primary Focus: Endrew F.'s Family getting reimbursed for tuition for having to go to a private school for special ed services.
Outcome: The family was not reimbursed since the court stated that their child was given access to a free appropriate public education and they could not prove otherwise.