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Watson v. Cambridge
Child with disabilities excluded from school because he was found to be "weak of mind". -
Beattie v. Board of Education of City of Antigo
A child with cerebral palsy is excluded form school, even though he completed through to the fifth grade. -
Brown V. Board of Education (Kansas)
The Supreme Court decides it is illegal to discriminate against people because of a disability. -
Nevada Revised Statutes
Excluded children who had conditions that would affect their attendance at school. -
Diana v. State Board of Education (California)
A child scored poorly on testing because she was ESL and was then placed in a special education class as a result. The court decided non-English speaking students should be tested in their native language to avoid errors in educational placement in the future. -
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Mills v. Board of Education (District of Columbia)
This challenged a law that prevented children from attending school if they had not attended a mental age of at least 5 years old. Decreed that all school age children must be provided access to education, a child cannot be suspended for more than 2 days without a hearing, and all people involved must be provided with educational programs suitable for their needs.
Retrieved from https://www.rootedinrights.org/15321-revision-v1/ -
Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act
First civil rights law for disability. Prevents discrimination based on disability; makes sure everyone is treated equally. -
FAPE
Free Appropriate Public Education is guaranteed by the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and IDEA. -
Individuals with Disabilities Act
All children with a disability will have access to a free and appropriate education that meets their specific needs. -
Larry P. v. Riles (California)
Standardized IQ test cannot be used on educable mentally retarded students for special education placement. -
Board of Education v. Rowley (New York)
Free and appropriate education was defined as a result of this case and schools were told providing special education services was a must. -
Honig v. Doe (California)
Students with disabilities that cause emotional disturbances and aggressive behavior cannot be suspended for more than 10 days or their educational placement will be changed. -
The Americans with Disabilities Act
Ensures people with a disability cannot be discriminated against in area of public life. -
Oberti v. Board of Education of the Borough of Clementon School District (New Jersey)
Inclusion with supplementary aids and services is established. -
LRE
Least Restrictive Environment. Disabled students will receive their education with their nondisabled peers in the maximum amount that is appropriate for each child. -
No Child Left Behind Act
This gives money and extra educational help to low socioeconomic background children in exchange for them showing improvement in their academics. -
IDEA Ammendment
The definitions of a child with a disability and qualified special education teacher are changed. FAPE is further clarified. Nondiscriminatory testing is required. No child with a disability can be denied a public education. -
Every Student Suceeds Act (ESSA)
States can pick which goals they use as long as they address test proficiency, English language proficiency, and graduation rate. States will identify and intervene on the bottom 5% of performers. Also, insures 95% participation in tests for schools which is the federal requirement.
Klein, A. (March, 2016). The Every Student Succeeds Act: An ESSA Overview. Retrieved October 21, 2018 from https://www.edweek.org/ew/issues/every-student-succeeds-act/index.html -
Americans with Disabilities Act Legislation
A bill was approved to prevent lawyers who seek to profit from threatening business with court cases that would not truly benefit people with disability. There is a large opposition to this because it is feared it will make businesses feel they do not need to comply with the law before a suit is filed. Debonis, M. (February, 2018). House passes changes to Americans With Disabilities Act over activists’ objections. Retrieved October 21, 2018 from https://www.washingtonpost.com -
Response To Intervention (RTI)
RTI is a multi-tiered intervention used to identify children who need different levels of educational and behavioral intervention. Tier 1 is where screening occurs along with classroom and whole group instruction; lowest level of intervention. Tier 2 is reached when more targeted intervention is needed: small group along with classroom instruction. Tier 3 involves intense intervention and a referral for comprehensive evaluation for special education services. -
The Future of Inclusion
Hopefully, inclusion will be more geared towards a celebration of differences and less a look at deficits and how to meet them. The world will begin to the positive side of these differences instead of focusing on the negative. Successes will stop being measured on a normative scale and more on an individual one. -
Continuum of Special Education Services
School age children with a disability will be provided with all services needed to meet their individual needs. -
Differentiated Instruction
Providing each student the avenue or level of instruction that is in their best interest to help them gain and grasp as much as they can during that instruction.
