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Behavioral Objectives
American educator, Ralph W. Tyler, is considered "the father of behavioral objectives" for his contributions in testing and curriculum development. -
WW2 Experimental Design
Highly regarded psychologists and educators used their expertise to create training materials and assessments to evaluate the skills of trainees. Norm-reference testing makes its first appearance as a screening tool for candidates with an aptitude for certain programs. -
Training as a System
From the late 1940's and early 1950's, psychologists begin viewing training as a system, developing procedures in analysis, design, and evaluation. -
Programmed Instruction Movement
Psychologists like B.F. Skinner bring ideas to the forefront that explained an empirical approach to how instructional materials can be effective teaching tools. Small steps, immediate feedback, and self-pacing leads to positive feedback and, ultimately, learning. The early concept of formative assessment also emerges. -
Bloom's Taxonomy
Dr. Benjamin Bloom establishes classifications of learning outcomes in a hierarchy and asserts that tests should be designed to measure each level. -
Performance Objectives
Psychologist Robert Mager popularizes the use of performance objectives in learning. -
Criterion-referenced Testing
Cognitive psychologist Robert Glaser uses criterion-referenced testing for entry level and summative testing. -
Gagne's Contribution
Gagne develops his 5 domains of learning and 9 events of instruction and asserts that skills should be acquired in a hierarchy. -
Systems Approach to Learning
By the end of the 1970's, more than 40 instructional models had been developed. Instructional design is gaining attention and value, becoming a viable way to solve instructional problems. -
Introduction of Technology
The 1980's saw continued growth in military and business sectors, but little growth in education. Computer-based instruction emerges with the invention of the microcomputer. -
Performance Technology and Constructivism
Instructional designers evolve as problem solvers and consultants for workplace solutions. Constructivism becomes more prevalent as learners solve complex, real-world problems and take ownership of their learning. -
Electronic Performance Support Systems and Rapid Prototyping
Instructional designers begin designing "just in time" learning, such as tutorials and simulations, that provide learning opportunities at the time of need.
Rapid Prototyping emerges as a way to produce quality instructional materials in a shortened amount of time. -
Internet and Distance Learning
Use of the internet has accelerated online training and learning.
