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Period: 1568 to
Dutch revolt
The Eighty Years' War was a military conflict between the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands and Spain, which then governed them, beginning in the reign of King Philip II of Spain. Peace was concluded in 1648 with the establishment of the Dutch Republic.
Results of the war include:
-Beginning of the end of the Spanish Empire
-Dutch Independence/formation of the Dutch Republic; countries did not need a monarch
-The Netherlands becomes a major European power. -
English Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution, in English history, the events of 1688–89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and the accession of his daughter Mary II and her husband, William III, prince of Orange and stadholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands. -
Boston Tea Party
The 1773 Boston Tea Party was a protest against British taxation, colonists dumped taxed tea into Boston Harbor. This bold act symbolized resistance, marking a key moment in the protest to unjust policies. -
Period: to
American revolution
The American Revolution was an ideological and political uprising in which the Thirteen Colonies' representatives, the Second Continental Congress, met at what is now Independence Hall in Philadelphia to declare their complete independence from the British Empire, approve the formation of the Continental Army, and choose George Washington to lead the army in the American Revolutionary War that followed. -
Continental Congress in Philadelphia
The 1774 First Continental Congress in Philadelphia expelled British governors, signaling a there was going to be a confrontation. As tensions escalated, this assembly prepared for a potential conflict between American colonies and British rule. -
American War of Independence
The American War of Independence (1775-1783) was an armed conflict between the thirteen colonies and Britain. This fight for independence ultimately led to the formation of the United States. -
Declaration of Independence by USA
The 1776 Declaration of Independence marked the formal independence of the 13 colonies from British rule. It proclaimed self government for the US. -
Virginia declaration of rights
In 1776, the Virginia Declaration of Rights articulated crucial principles like national sovereignty, separation of powers, and suffrage. This document played a significant role in shaping early American constitutional idea. -
Constitution of the USA
The 1787 Constitution of the United States established the base for the federal government. It was the first written constituton in history. It was liberal and its main principles were: positions elected, separation of powers, republican system, presidential rule and federal structure of state. -
Storm of Bastille
On 14 July 1789. Most of people armed civilian insurgents, the violence spread through the countryside, this was called “The Great Fear”, it was a popular revolt. -
Tennis Court Oath
On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Third Estate took the Jeu de Paume Oath because they asked for one diputy one vote and it was denied,They agreed not to separate and to reassemble wherever necessary until the Constitution of the kingdom is established,it became a key event in the French Revolution. -
Period: to
French revolution
Beginning with the Estates General of 1789 and ending with the November 1799 coup of 18 Brumaire and the establishment of the French Consulate, the French Revolution was a time of significant political and social transformation in France. -
Bill of rights
Written in 1791, the Bill of Rights states citizens' rights and freedoms. Through amendments, it limits the government's power, securing individual liberties. -
French Constitution
The main principles of the Constitution were:
• constitutional monarchy
• suffrage: men over 25 + incomes-> census suffrage
• separation of powers: executive (king + ministers)
legislative (the Assembly)
judicial (independent courts)
• shared sovereignty: king + parliament
After the Constitution France become a constitutional monarchy. -
War against France
It was a war between most of nobles and clergy, also the European absolutist against the revolutionary France because they have taken away Louis XVI from the tirones so the first coalition fighted against the Jacobins and Girondins who were liberals. -
Period: to
National convention
After the war against France the National Convention was made.
Girondins and Jacobins altere power, they made reforms and the Constitution of 1793. -
French Constitution 1793
Was based in national sovereignty and male universal suffrage. -
Constitution 1795
Created by the Directory -
Period: to
The Directory
The New government is known as the Directory, formed by 5 people much more moderate and conservative than the previous Convention.
They persecute the previous leaders, they made the Constitution of 1795. -
Period: to
The Consulate
The New government is called the consulate and it was formed by 3 people: N. Bonaparte, E.-J. Sieyès, P.-R Ducos.
They made a war against the Second Coalition.
The made careers open to talent.
They made the Napoleonic Code.
Concordar with the Pope Puis VII.
They stabilize the situation in France. -
Period: to
Napoleonic Empire
Napoleon was proclaimed emperor by a plebiscite.
The empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the War of the Third Coalition against Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain, and allied states.French dominance was reaffirmed during the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon's final defeat was at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. -
Battle of Trafalgar
It was a naval battle between the British navy and French- Spanish navy, the French navy tried to control the English Channel for the Continental system function. However GB managed to trade with Europe because of it's powerful navy. -
Economic Blockade
Napoleon I, the French emperor, placed a significant commercial embargo on Britain from November 21, 1806, until April 11, 1814, known as the Economic Blockade. It was intended to destroy the British economy and force it to go out from the Napoleonic Wars. -
Popular Uprising of Madrid
It unfolded as a movement of the lower class fueled by socio-economic grievances. Citizens, discontent with government policies, took to the streets demanding change. Protesters wanted transparency, economic reforms, and social justice. Tensions escalated, leading to clashes with authorities. The movement's impact afected nationally, sparking conversations about governance and inequality. Despite challenges, Madrid's uprising symbolized a collective desire for a more equitable society. -
Abdication of Bayonne
The Abdications of Bayonne took place on 1808 in Bayonne when the French emperor Napoleon I forced two Spanish kings to renounce the throne in his favour. The move was Napoleon's response to the Mutiny of Aranjuez, when Ferdinand VII forced his father's first abdication, and the uprising of 2 May against French troops in Spain. Napoleon in his turn handed the crown of Spain to his brother Joseph Bonaparte. -
Period: to
Peninsular War
The Peninsular War of 1812 was an armed conflict in the Napoleonic era, where French forces clashed with a coalition of British, Spanish, and Portuguese troops on the Iberian Peninsula. With guerrilla warfare and sieges, it strained Napoleon's forces and increased British influence. The Battle of Salamanca in July 1814 was a turning point, signaling a shift in favor of the allies. This war altered the European balance of power and weakened Napoleon's grip on the continent. -
Mutiny of Aranjuez
The royal family and the administration were residing in Aranjuez, some 48 kilometers (30 mi) south of Madrid, when the rebellion occurred on March 17, 1808, as they were traveling south in preparation for a French invasion from the north. Godoy was taken prisoner after soldiers, peasants, and members of the public stormed his apartments. Following the mutineers' forced dismissal of Godoy, the court pushed King Charles to abdicate in favor of his rival and son, Ferdinand VII, two days later. -
Paraguayan independence
Paraguay declared its independence from Spain on May 15, 1811. Much of Paraguay’s post-colonial history was marked by civil war and military coups. The United States and Paraguay have maintained close diplomatic relations since they were established in 1861. -
Constitution of Cadiz
The Constitution of Cadiz, 1812, a landmark document during the Spanish Enlightenment, established a constitutional monarchy. It emphasized principles like popular sovereignty, equality before the law, and freedom of the press. Despite its brief enactment, it left a lasting impact, influencing subsequent constitutional developments in Spain and Latin America, promoting liberal ideals and starting the way for constitutionalism in the region. -
Period: to
Reign of Ferdinand VII
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Period: to
Absolutist Sexennium
Restoration of absolutism and used tools from the Ancient Regime. Finished with the Coup d'Etat by Rafael de Riego due to a financial crisis, political instability, persecution and exile of the liberals and 9 pronunciamientos. -
Battle of Waterloo
Was the final battle that made the end of the Napoleonic Empire and after this Louis XVI returned to the throne. -
Empire of the hundred days
After Napoleon lose in the battle of Leipzig he abdicated and exile to the island of Elba, but in 1815 he rejoined his armies with the Empire of the hundred days. He lost in the battle of Waterloo 1815. -
Argentinian independence
The Argentine War of Independence fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine patriotic forces under Manuel Belgrano, Juan José Castelli, and José de San Martín against royalist forces loyal to the Spanish crown. -
Chilean independence
Was a series of military conflicts in Peru from 1809 to 1826 that resulted in the country's independence from the Spanish Empire. Part of the broader Spanish American wars of independence. -
Colombian independence
The Colombian Declaration of Independence occurred on July 20, 1810 when the Junta de Santa Fe was formed in Santa Fe de Bogota, the capital of the Spanish colonial Viceroyalty of New Granada, to govern the territory autonomously from Spain. The event inspired similar independence movements across Latin America, and triggered an almost decade-long rebellion culminating in the founding of the Republic of Gran Colombia. -
Coup d'Etat by Rafael de Riego
Was a rebellion against Ferdinand VII to change of political system. it was did due to a financial crisis, political instability, persecution and exile of the liberals and 9 pronunciamientos. -
Mexican independence
Was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire. It was not a single, coherent event, but local and regional struggles that occurred within the same period, and can be considered a revolutionary civil war.
It culminated with the drafting of the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire in Mexico City on September 28, 1821. -
Period: to
1820's revolutions
The Revolutions of 1820 were a revolutionary wave in Europe that took place in Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece. While the revolutions in Spain, Portugal and Italy were for establishing constitutional monarchies, in Greece the revolution was to gain independence from the Ottoman Empire. All them failed, put down by the Holly Alliance. -
Period: to
Liberal Triennium
Restoration of liberalism and Constitution of 1812. Tools from liberalism. Ended with the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis due to the restoration od Cadiz's principles, division between liberals and absolutist opposition. -
Venezuelan independence
The Venezuelan independence was the juridical-political process that put an end to the ties between the Captaincy General of Venezuela and the Spanish Empire. It also implied the replacement of the absolute monarchy by the republic as the form of government in Venezuela. -
Period: to
Greek War of Independence
It was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1829. In 1826, the Greeks were assisted by the British Empire, Kingdom of France, and the Russian Empire, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece, which would be expanded to its modern size in later years. It is celebrated by the Greeks as independence day on 25 March every year. -
Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
The "Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis" was the popular name for a French army mobilized in 1823 by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII, to help the Spanish Bourbon royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Liberal Triennium. -
Ecuatorian independence
The Ecuadorian War of Independence, part of the Spanish American wars of independence of the early 19th century, was fought from 1820 to 1822 between Spain and several South American armies over control of the Royal Audience of Quito, a Spanish colonial jurisdiction which later became the modern Republic of Ecuador. The war ended with the defeat of the Spanish forces at the Battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822. -
Period: to
Ominous Decade
Restoration of absolutism with reforms. It was a period of deep crisis, division between absolutists, liberal opposition and repression against liberals. -
Peruvian independence
Was a series of military conflicts in Peru from 1809 to 1826 that resulted in the country's independence from the Spanish Empire. Part of the broader Spanish American wars of independence. -
1830's revolutions
Was a wave of revolutions in Europe. It includes the Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire, the Belgian Independence, a more liberal dynasty in France (House of Orleans) and a failed attemp of revolution in Spain. -
Ferdinand VII dies
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Period: to
First Carlist War
It was a civil war in Spain after the dead of Ferdinand VII without a male heir. He named his oldest daughter Isabella II Queen of Spain, but Charles, Ferdinand's brother, wanted the throne of Spain. The supporters of Isabella II were called Isabelinos, and they were liberals of both types, moderates and radicals. The supporters of Charles were called carlistas, they were deeply absolutist, deeply catholic and they wanted to continue with tradicional rights.
There was a Liberal victory. -
Period: to
Regencies
During Queen Isabella II's 1833 minority, Maria Cristina rulled from 1833 to 1840 and General Espartero from 1840 to 1843. -
Zollverien
Established in 1834, the Zollverein was a customs union among German states, giving economic integration by eliminating trade barriers. This played a crucial role in the economic unification of Germany, starting a path to political union. -
Period: to
German unification
The unification of Germany was a process of building the first nation-state for Germans with federal features based on the concept of Lesser Germany -
Convention of Vergara
Treaty of peace in 1840 between the isabelinos and carlistas after the liberal victory. -
Period: to
Reign of Isabella II
Moderate decade(1844-1854): She made the Constitution of 1845 it was a moderate one. Concordant with the Holy see in 1851. She participante in the Second Carlist Wars(1846-1849).
Progressive Biennium(1854-1856): Restored the Constitution of 1837 (National Sovereignty, decentralised state, broader census suffrage).
Government of the Liberal Union(1856-1868): She restored the Constitution of 1845. Represion and discredit that led to the Revolution of 1868. Deeper economic crisis happear. -
Period: to
Second Carlist War
It was a civil war in Spain: between the supporters of Isabella and the supporters of Charles. It started in Catalonia and end in Galicia. The uprising started in September 1846 and ended in May 1849. -
1848's revolutions
Series of republican revolts against European monarchies, beginning in Sicily and spreading to France, Germany, Italy, and the Austrian Empire. Some of them ended in failure and repression. Others ended well as the Italian unification. -
liberal constitution in Piedmont-Sardinia
In the 1848 european revolutions, Piedmont-Sardinia adopted the Statuto Albertino, a first step of constitutional liberalism. This charter, embodying principles of constitutional monarchy, laid the foundation for individual rights. Its happening during a time of political difficulty showed the region's commitment to progressive and participatory governance. -
Frankfurt Parliament
In 1848, the Frankfurt Parliament proposed a liberal constitution to Wilhem I, with the intention of unification. However Wilhem I rejected because he wasn't liberal, and persued the unification in his own ways. -
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Italian unification
The Revolutions of 1848 set off the process of unification, which was completed in 1871 with the fall of Rome and its designation as the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. It was inspired by uprisings in the 1820s and 1830s against the decisions made at the Congress of Vienna. -
First war against Austria
In 1859, Piedmont-Sardinia, alongside France, engaged in a war against Austria to gain ethnically italian territory. The pivotal Battle of Solferino led to the Treaty of Villafranca, resulting in the winning of Lombardy to Piedmont-Sardinia. They hadn't achieved getting Venetia yet, and lost NIce and Savoy to France, but it was a good start for the unification of Italy. -
Alliance of Garibaldi and Victor-Emannuel II
In 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi and King Emmanuel II joined forces with a common goal, unification of Italy. Their successful liberation of southern Italian states laid the groundwork for the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, marking a historic moment in the Italian unification movement. -
Creation of Kingdom of Italy
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Schleswig War
The Schleswig War of 1864 involved Prussia and Austria fighting against Denmark, with the intention of freeing ethnic Germans form Schleswig, the aftermath showed Austria gaining Holstein which they would later lose to Prussia, and Prussia gaining Schleswig. -
Second war against Austria
The italians engaged in a second war with Austria ultimately defeating them and gaining Venetia, one of the final steps of the unification of Italy. -
Austro-Prussian War
The Austro-Prussian War, also known as the Seven Weeks' War, occurred in 1866. Prussia's decisive victory over Austria led to the dissolution of the German Confederation and the exclusion of Austria from German affairs, setting the stage for Prussian dominance in the area, they also gained territories such as Holstein. -
Pact of Ostend
The Pact of Ostend was a key agreement in the crisis of the reign of Isabella II. A group of representatives of the Progressive Party and the Democratic Party met in Ostend, in the conviction that they should reach an agreement or pact to strengthen opposition to the Isabella regime. That meeting resulted in a pact, reached that same day, with a common commitment by both parties, despite their differences, to act jointly with the aim of putting an end to the reign of Isabella II. -
North German Confederation
After the Austro-Prussian War, the North German Confederation was formed in 1867, led by Prussia. It marked a transitional step towards German unification, a big step towards the eventual creation of a united German Empire. -
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Spanish Glorious Revolution
The uprising started because the government was excessively conservative so progressives, republicans and democrats were excluded from the Parliament so they made the Pronunciamiento led by General Serrano and General Prim. Another reason was excessive authoritarianism. And the final reason was an economic crisis. -
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Provisional Government by General Serrano
General Serrano's important role in deposing Queen Isabella II in 1868 marked a turning point in Spanish politics. Establishing a provisional government, Serrano made significant reforms, turning Spain towards a more liberal governance. This event marked the highest point of political, social, and economic changes during the 19th century. -
Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 united German states against a common external threat—France. Prussia's victory not only weakened French influence but also contributed significantly to German nationalistic sentiment. Prussia won this battle in the siege of Paris, while France was having many internal problems. -
Rome occupied. Italy finally unificated
In 1870, Italian forces entered Rome, completing the unification of Italy. The Papal States were incorporated, and Rome became the capital. This crucial event marked a solid shared national identity. The occupation was the end to a lengthy process, establishing Italy as a cohesive and sovereign nation-state. -
German Empire proclaimed
Following the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire was proclaimed in 1871 at the Palace of Versailles. This marked the official unification of various German states under Prussian leadership, with Wilhelm I becoming the first German Emperor, consolidating Germany as a major European power. -
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Democratic monarchy by Amadeo I
He was named the new king of Spain by the Parliament because he had democratic monarchy ideas from his previous Kingdom of Savoy. His main supporter General Prim was assassinated. He abdicated in 1873 because of the problems of Spain such as the Carlist Wars, the wars in Cuba and the social discontent with him because he wasn't Spanish. -
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Third Carlist War
The Carlist pretender, tried to earn the support of various Spanish regions by promising to reintroduce various area-specific customs and laws. The Carlists proclaimed the restoration of Catalan, Valencian and Aragonese charters.
Alfonso XII son of Isabella II tried to get the throne so his supporters made the third civil war against the Carlist supporters.
Finally Alfonso XII was the new king of Spain thanks ro General Martínez Campos that restored the Bourbon family in the throne of Spain. -
Period: to
First Republic
The first Republic of Spain happened after the abdication of Amadeo I. During this time the Carlist war occur due to both sides want a king in Spain, the wars in Cuba continued and inner problems as they didn't know if they have to put a centralised or federal state government, this caused 5 governments in one year, rebellions in some cities and a dictatorship by General Serrano.
It finally ended with a Coup d'Etat by General Martínez Campos