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130 BCE
Galen of Pergamon describes the human body
Galen was born in Greece in a city called Pergamum. He was the greatest physician of ancient Rome medical practitioner. At age of 28 Galen became a physician to the gladitors which gave him the opportunity to observe human anatomy and physiology. -
Lamarck developed Hypothesis of evolution by means of acquired characteristics
Lamarck was best known for his theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics. In 1809 Lamarck published his theory the same year Charles Drawn was born. As his example, he believed that giraffes long neck resulted from the ancestors of giraffes stretching their necks longer and longer while trying to reach the highest branches of the trees. Furthermore ,the whole basic concept of inheritance of acquired character was finally turn down in the 20th century -
The Origin of species by means of Natural Selection is published
In 1859 the origin of species was published by Charles Drawn which was considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. It immediately sold out its initial print run, and by 1872 the book had six editions and became one of the most dominant books of modern time. -
The Germ Theory of Disease is published
these are tiny organisms that occupy human, animals, and other living host. they grow and reproduce within their hosts which causes diseases. -
Gregor Mendel publishes works on inheritance of traits in pea plants
Though Mendel's hard work he discovered the fundamental laws of inheritance. He figure out, that genes come in pairs and inherited as distinct unit, one from each parent.
http://www.dnaftb.org/1/bio.
htmlhttp://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm -
Frederick Griffith describes the process of transformation
Frederick Griffith's experiment showed that bacteria were capable of transferring their genetic information by a process that he called transformation.He was an English army doctor and his experiment, which consisted of testing the effects of killed bacteria on live cells. -
Jacques Cousteau develops SCUBA
Jacques Cousteau I was a French undersea explorer, researcher, and documentary host who invented diving and scuba devices including aqua-lung. His role was to educate the public about the ocean and contribute to the environmental conservation. -
Barbara McClintock describes transposons
In the late 1940s, Barbara McClintock challenged existing concepts of what genes were capable of when she discovered that some genes could be mobile. Her studies of chromosome breakage in maize led her to discover a chromosome-breaking locus that could change its position within a chromosome.
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/barbara-mcclintock-and-the-discovery-of-jumping-34083 -
Ernst Mayr develops the Biological Species Concept
The biological species concept is the most widely accepted species concept. It defines species in terms of interbreeding . Ernst Mayr played a central role in the establishment of the general concept of species as metapopulation lineages, and he is the author of one of the most popular of the numerous alternative definitions of the species category.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Mayr -
Avery, MacLoed and McCarty determine that DNA is the molecule that carries the genetic code
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty determined that the substance responsible for changing nonvirulent bacteria into live, virulent bacteria was DNA.
http://www.yourgenome.org/stories/revealing-dna-as-the-molecule-of-life -
Miller-Urey experiments published
The Miller-urea experiment was a chemical experiment that stimulated the conditions though at that time to be present early on earth. He designed an apparatus to stimulate the ancient water cycle. His goal was to test the first step in Oparin's model. Also the experiment demonstrated for the first time that biomolecule can form under ancient earth like conditions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller–Urey_experiment -
Hershey-Chase experiments are published
IN 1952 , after Avery demonstrated that genes were DNA. Hershey-Chase went and provided further proof by working with the DNA virus called T2, which spread diseases to E.coli and Bacterium. Also, from these experiment it was clear that the DNA component to bacteriophage is placed into the bacteria cell while the protein component remains outside. -
Watson and Crick propose the double helix model of DNA structure
Watson and Crick were the first scientist to found and to announce that they have determined the double helix structure of DNA , and the molecule containing human genes. They also found out that the double helix polymer each contained a long chain of monomer nucleotides wounds around each other. In addition, they were the only two of many scientist working on figuring out the structure of DNA.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do53dn.html -
Meselson and Stahl work with DNA replication
This experiment was done by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958, using E. coli DNA. They concluded that DNA replication was semiconservative and was consists of two helices that were combined.http://www.biology.arizona.edu/molecular_bio/problem_sets/nucleic_acids/06t.html -
Nirenberg cracks the genetic code
In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick revealed the structure and properties of DNA, the molecule that carries our genetic information. They discovered that blueprint for a human being was encapsulated in a long string of nucleic acid, arranged in a double helix, like a twisted rope ladder with three billion rungs.http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1961_Nirenberg.php -
Australopithecus afarensis nicknamed “lucy” fossil discovered
This species was one of the most best known of our ancestors .it was discovered in 1974 by Donald Johnson in Ethopia and lived for about 3.9 million years ago. She was then nicknamed Lucy after then song Lucy in the sky with diamonds by the Beatles. They found two other species but they did not match the fossils of any other species known at the time. This species is now represented by a several hundred fossils from the East Africa.https://australianmuseum.net.au/australopithecus-afarensis -
Deep sea hydrothermal vents and associated life around them are discovered
In 1977, scientists discovered the Galápagos Rift along the mid-ocean ridge in the eastern Pacific noticed a series of temperature spikes in their data. They wondered how the deep ocean temperature could change in such a short distance Also,They noticed that an entirely unique ecosystem, including hundreds of new species, existed around the vents. -
Tommie Lee Andrews is convicted of rape
in 1987 Tommie Lee Andrews became the first American ever convicted in a case that used DNA as evidence. He was sentenced 22 years in prison for rape, aggravated battery and burglary. Andrews case was simple and typical of most that involve DNA evidence. Police had sent two samples to a New York laboratory for testing--semen left at the crime scene by the rapist and blood taken from Andrews.
http://www.nytimes.com/1988/02/06/us/rapist-convicted-on-dna-match.html -
Richard L Bible is executed
Richard L Bible was executed by lethal injection in1988 for rape and murder of a 9 years old girl called Jennifer Wilson in Flagstaff. He was the 90th inmate Arizona has executed since 1910, and the 25th to die by injection
.http://azdailysun.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/flagstaff-murderer-ricky-bible-executed/article_83b0572d-bc3e-57fc-95c5-a81f7484aecd.html -
Dolly the sheep is cloned
Ewe was the first animal to have a successfully cloned an adult cell.Her birth proved that specialised cells could be used to create an exact copy of the animal they came from. -
Sahelanthropus tchadensis fossil discovered
Sahelanthropus tchadensis was the one of the oldest species in the family tree. This species lived for about 6 to 7 million years ago in the West-Central Africa ( chad). The skull was found by a Chadian student a year ago, after years of painstaking research by Michel Brunet and his led team. -
Human genome is fully sequenced
The human genome was an international scientific reseach project with the goal to determine the sequence of nucleotide base pair that makes the human deoxyribonucleic acid.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project -
Louis Pasteur refutes spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur designed an experiment to test whether sterile nutrient broth could spontaneously generate microbial life. -
Endosymbiosis is described by Lynn Margulis
In the late 1960s Margulis studied the structure of cells. they looked remarkable like bacteria. Some scientists had been struck by the similarity ever since the discovery of mitochondria.
