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Founding Era and Early Years
Conflicts between public vs private; common people and those with concentrated wealth and power, views of the appropriate size and cost of government, and people who can be described as insiders and outsiders. -
Constitutional Convention
(1) Separation of powers among the three branches (2) the relationship between the national govt and the states (3) limitations on democracy (4) the absence of specifics about administration Also created.postal svc, army, navy, state militias and unspecified executive dpts. (Box) -
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Industrial Revolution 1850 - 1914
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Woodrow Wilson - The Study of Administration
Argued for efficient, professional PA and separation between the demands of partisan politics and daily technical tasks of running public agencies. (Box) -
Period: to
Progressive Era
Reform initiatives in response to urbanization, industrialization and growth of large, centralized business enterprises.
Govt regulations of private sector authority
Development of Modern Administrative State
Local Govt structures to make mgtment more effective
Strengthen executive management in local gvtment
Citizen involvement in solving social problems. (Box, 2018) -
Frank J. Goodnow - Politics and Administration
Functions of gvt: state's will & implement of popular will. 3 constitutional branches: exec, leg, jud, fall under the 2 functs. Suppositions: politics demonstrate state’s will & admin's role - execute the will; politics & admin are intra/ intertwined; democracy results from politics; politics that dominate admin leads to inefficiency; politics & admin must be separate/coordinated. Liberating admin from politics & instituting merit system, Wilson & Goodnow desired to eliminate spoils system. -
Frederick Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management
Org Theory: Published in 1911 - Frederick Taylor contributed to the classical model by using scientific methods such as time and motion studies to determine the most optimal method to sequence and perform tasks. Aim was to increase the workers' output by systematically applying scientific methods in the organization. (Harikrishnan, 2021) -
Henri Fayol = "General and Industrial Management"
Classical Theorists
1. Division of work
2. Authority
3. Discipline
4. Unity of command
5. Unity of direction
6. Subordination of personal interest into general interest
7. Personal remuneration
8. Centralization
9. Scalar chain
10. Order
11. Equity
12. Stability of tenure
13. Initiation
14, Teamwork (esprit de corps) -
Mary Follet - The Giving of Orders
Org Theory: She was one of the first theorists to actively write about and explore the role people had on effective management, and discuss the importance of learning to deal with and promote positive human relations as a fundamental aspect of the industrial sector.[3] 1890 - 1933 -
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New Deal
The New Deal Era produced significant growth in size and capacity of the federal govt. The growth is attributed to the leadership of Franklin Roosevelt & his belief that the govt should provide citizens w/ basic living subsistence & stabilizing economy in response to the effects of the Great Depression (Box, 2018). Because of this intervention, the US experienced a decrease in the unemployment rate, an increase in the gdp & a reduction in bank failures (Box, 2018; California, 2021). -
Elton Mayo - The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization
Hawthorne studies, examined effects of social relations, motivation, & employee satisfaction on factory productivity. Despite later criticisms of the validity of his results, his work introduced idea that external factors (lighting, temperature, etc) were of lesser significance in determining productivity levels of workers than social factors Mayo & others extended this idea into larger social orgs, greatly enriching theories of management. -
Luther Gulick Notes on the Theory of Organization (1937)
Org Theory: POSDCORB
Gulick believed that organizations should be structured to promote efficiency and eliminate confusion (Fry & Raadschelders, 2023; Gulick & Urwick, 1937) He believed in what he called an ‘integrated executive’. Fry and Raadschelders described this concept as ‘a strong executive branch, consolidation of agencies, and the adoption of more ‘businesslike’ practices in government (Fry & Raadschelders, 97). -
Chester I. Barnard - Functions of an Executive 1938
- Maintenance of organizational communication.
- Servicing of essential services from individuals.
- Formulation of purpose and objectives.
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Friedrich - Finer Debates
Friedrich (1940) believed that public officials can deal with administrative problems effectively through internal checks. created by professional stds and technical knowledge. Finer (1941) thinks that external control by elected legislators is the only way to maintain responsibility of officials in PA. -
Herbert Simon - The Proverbs of Administration
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Civil Rights Movement
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Charles E. Lindblom - The Science of Muddling Trhough
Madisonian Model & Administration-as-Politics Approach
Fry and Raadschelders identified Madisonian administration-as-politics group (Lindblom & Waldo). Both theorists demonstrate similarities with Madisonian model. One similarity is the concept of plurality. Plurality is that reality is composed of an array of different interest grps. Lindblom believed plurality in politics was essential, but govt had to balance &control interest groups for govt to function effectively. -
Period: to
Great Society - Confronting Injustice and Inequity
President LBJ agenda/ policy initiatives for Congress in 1964 /965 after the death of JFK: aid to education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, wide-scale fight against poverty, control & prevention of crime & delinquency. Resembled FDRs New Deal domestic agenda. 1970's culture of diversity. Inspired discussion of public professional's role in a democratic society. Value-neutralness under great scrutiny. -
Dwight Waldo - The Administrative State Revisited
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First Minnowbrook Conference
Minnowbrook conference held in 1968 symbolized an enlightened and forward-thinking group. The field recognized the social injustices in the world and realized that public administrators must embrace the concepts of equity, diversity, and inclusion. They stressed the need and value of social equity in the management and distribution of public services. They also understood that to be effective, public administrators must be equipped with social equity knowledge. -
Theodore J. Lowi: The End of Liberalism
• Lowi proposes that classical liberalism & capitalism have died as a public philosophy &have been replaced by interest group liberalism. • Lowi argues that the Govt has grown too large due to Congress assuming power & delegating authority to administrative agencies. o Interest Group Liberalism: Congress delegated its authority to interest groups, who govern via their influence over the bureaucracy. • Lowi suggests that interest grp liberalism needs to be replaced by juridical democracy. -
H. George Frederickson - Toward a New Public Administration
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Current Era
1980s: Govt is problem - trim govt (Reagan)
1990s: Run Govt like a business (Clinton)
National Performance Review (Al Gore)
NPM
2000s: Technology, Inequality and Polarization
Environmental concerns - regulations protecting air, H2O, endangered species
Economic & Social Inequality
Polarization of Perspectives: political right/left, red/blue states
Racism/Nativism/Anti-Feminism
Citizen Oriented Governance
Conflicting expectations of role of public professional by elected officials & citizens -
Minnowbrook II
MB2 organized by George Frederickson. More people attended Minnowbrook II and almost half were female,
Participants were younger. Themes
More technicist;
More individualist;
A social equity perspective that now included gender and age;
An emerging importance on productivity and performance measurement;
A great connection to mainstream social science and the positivist or Simon perspective. -
John Q. Wilson - Bureaucracy: What Govt Agencies Do and Why They Do it
John Q. Wilson - Bureaucracy: What Govt Agencies Do and Why They Do it. Contributed to Org Behavior Scholarship. Bureaucrats have discretion in decision making based on a complex set of factors. Successful bureaucracies are those where executives have a clear sense of mission, identified tasks to be achieved, distributed authority according to tasks and provided subordinates with appropriate autonomy. -
Elinor Ostrom - Theory of Self Governance - Common Pool Resources
Nobel prize winner in economics. She wrote or coauthored several books, including Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (1990), Understanding Institutional Diversity (2005), Linking the Formal and Informal Economy: Concepts and Policies (2006), and Understanding Knowledge as a Commons: From Theory to Practice (2007).