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1500
Jaques Cartier Voyages
-Came to America to find a route to Asia, to bring back gold and riches and to claim land for the king of France.
-3 voyages:
-1534-Explored Gulf of St-Lawrence, reported what he thought was gold but lots of fish, timber, and furs.
1535-Sailed the St-Lawrence, reached Quebec.They return with native captives (incl. Chief Donnacona)
1541-Attempted to set up a colony (not successful). Missionaries attempted to convert natives. France lost interest for 60yrs. -
1500
The Bering Straight
The Bering Strait Land Bridge was how the First Occupants made their way to North America. They're originally from Siberia , then they crossed over the Bering Strait Land Bridge. After the First Occupants passed the bridge , they dispersed into North America. -
1500
Algonquiens
-the Algonquians lived in the low land of the St Lawrence and Great Lakes.
-Their food came from hunting and gathering
-Nomadic and Patriarchal
-Nomadic because they have to follow the animals so they can hunt and eat them but since the animals move so do the algonquiens. -
1500
Iroquoiens
-Iroquois live in villages made up of longhouses
-Their food mostly came from agriculture and hunting
-They are sedentary which means they only move every 10-15 years. -
1500
Inuits
-The Inuits arrived and settled in wigwams (igloos).
-They were nomadic which meant they moved around a lot following the movement of the animals so that they can eat.
-Most of their food came from them hunting and gathering. -
Period: 1500 to
Population and settlement
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Company of 100 Associates
-In 1627 ,the king of France grants them a trade monopoly on fur in New France.
-During this time , France and Britain go to war
-The Company of 100 Associates did not end up working out because their boats kept on being attacked because of the war going on.
-It prevents the them to bring settlers to New France -
Trois-Rivière
-Trois Rivière was a new trading post and settlement.
-Algonquins and Abenaki's used this territory as a summer stopping place.
-This trading post and settlement was Champlain's idea.
-It played an important role in the colony and fur trade because of its location. -
Ville-Marie
Ville-Marie (Montreal) was a major trading post because it's located in the heart of the native territory therefor was close to mostly everyone. It was a new trading post and settlement. The main language spoken and used here was French. -
Jean Talon
-When the king took power he put Jean Talon in charge to colonise New France.
-Talon encouraged almost everybody to come to NF except the Huguenots (french protestants)
He encouraged by:
1.Offering free land to soldiers after they were done their service
2.Offered free land to minor criminals instead of going to french prison.
3.Files du roi
4.Payments were also given to couples who married young,
5.Fathers of unmarried girls paid fines.
6.Bachelors over 21 paid fines -
Demographics of New France
-When Jean Talon took over New France, the population was around 3000 - 5000.
-After the british took over, the population in New France was about 70 000.
-New France's population was low because they were mainly focused on fur trade and not so much populating.
-1760 , British Population in the 13 colonies was 2 million -
The Seigneuries
The territory bordering the St Lawrence River was subdivided into Seigneuries. The Seigneury was given to a seigneur which could be an individual person, a group of people like a religious community. The Seigneur divided the estate into sections which he gave away to peasants called censitaires. But the censitaires had to pay dues to the seigneur for the land. The land was divided into rectangles to allow as many censitaires as possible. The purpose of the seigneuries was to populate. -
Slavery
-Aprox. 4000 slaves during French regime
-Most of them were Amerindians from the Panis nation (centre of the U.S)
-The french got them from other Amerindians who captured them.
-The remainder of the slaves were African got in the Caribbean or British Colonies.
-Slaves worked as servants in the cities
-Intendant Raudot legalized slavery in New France
-It was still practiced ins several other colonies
-Abolished in Canada in 1833 -
Samuel de Champlain
-Voyage 1605- King of France sent him to establish a settlement in Nova Scotia called Port Royal. Port Royal failed because of its location.
-Voyage 1608
1. returned to establish a trading post near QC which became New France.
2. 1634- Trois-Rivière was established (new trading post and settlement)
3. 1642- Ville-Marie (MTL) was established. Major trading post because it's located in the heart of the native territory. (new trading post and settlement) -
Religious Diversification
-Under the british regime, most of the people coming were not catholics.
-Irish were protestant or catholic
-Other british were protestants or jews
-Great majority of immigrants to quebec in the 19th century were irish. -
Composition of population
-Canadiens had a high birth rate.
-Starvation and diseases did affect the birth rate.
-The natives had a very low birth rate because of war and famine (American Revolution and War of the Conquest)
-A mix of natural growth and migration movements of europeans.
-Composition: europeans, aboriginals, métis, slaves
-Social classes (pyramid)
1.Elite (Governor, aristocats and rich)
2.Middle class (Bourgeoisie and seigneurs, clergy)
3.Peasants (Censitaires) -
The Loyalists
-During the American Revolution, tens of thousands Loyalists left the U.S where they were treated badly to settle in a British Territory.
-2000 chose QC
-Most settled in Gaspésie and Sorel to be farmers.
-Many of them cleared lands south of the St. Lawrence River close to the American Border and subdivided the land into townships= Eastern Townships. -
Royal Proclamation
-The Royal Proclamation was a document signed that officially gave New France to the British.
-Renamed: The province of Quebec
-They wanted to take away Catholicism and French Law because they wanted to stimulate English population. -
Quebec Act
-Favour to the French.
-The province’s territory was expanded.The oath of allegiance was replaced with one that no longer made reference to the Protestant faith
-Free practice of the Catholic faith
-Restored the use of the French civil law for private matters and
-Kept the use of the English common law for public administration. -
Constitutional Act
-In this Act Canada was divided into 2 parts: Upper Canada and Lower Canada.
-Most French lived in lower Canada
-English lived in Lower Canada
-Opened up new land to be given to the Loyalists coming into Canada.
-They colonized the Eastern Townships region of the Province of Quebec. -
Colonization of new regions
After the overpopulation in New France, many people want to emigrate back to the united states. To prevent that emmigration, they colonized new regions and expanded west to Saguenay, Laurentides, Abitibi, Mauricie and Outaouais. -
Act of Union
-This acted united the 2 canadas (upper canada and lower canada) to form one big canada.
-English became the main language spoken.
-French felt as if they were a minority. -
Relationships with the native people
-1850 gave designated land to the indians under the royal proclamation.
-Only the Amerindians were allowed to hunt and fish in these regions.
-Exempt from paying taxes on income earned on their reserves.
-In exchange to get their reserves, they gave up their other territories to the british.
-Continued business alliances for the fur trade.
-1876 Indian Act= make claims due to exploitation of natural resources by the government. -
Great Potato Famine
-Starvation period on Ireland.
-Their main food source was potatoes and a disease made the potatoes not good to eat.
-The disease was called Cholera.
-About 1 million people died and about 1 million people left Ireland and emigrated.
-You had to stay on Grosse-ile till healthy again before continuing immigration. -
Confederation
-Quebec , New Brunswick , Ontario and Nova Scotia come together to form the Dominion of Canada
-This happens under the British North America act. -
Canadiens
-18th Century
-People who were born in New France became known as the Canadiens
-They were French speaking Catholics.
