-
Sep 1, 1500
Ice bridge
The ice bridge connected the eastern coast of Russia to the west of Alaska. The first inhabitants were the Indians. From this point on, the Indians dispersed all across North America. -
Period: Sep 1, 1500 to
Population
-
Sep 2, 1534
Jacques Cartier's voyage
Jacques Cartier was in search for a passageway to Asia insearch for precious metals and to claim new land for the king of France. Jacque Cartier, in fact, had three seperate trips to North America:
-1534: Mapped and explored the Gulf of St-Lawrence, and found fish, fur, and timber.
-1535: The Natives showed him how to suvive the winter and scurvy. He also reached Stadacona (Quebec.)
-1541: He attempted to set up a colony, but failed. France lost interest for 60 years. -
Port Royal
-The King of France sent a voyage to establish a settlement in Nova Scotia called Port Royal.
-Samuel de Champlain was part of this settlement, but it failed because it was too far for the Indians to trade. No one lived there. -
The first permanent settlements: Samuel de Champlain
In 1608, Samuel de Champlain discovered Quebec in order to facilitate fur trade with the Amerindians. This region of the St. Lawrence river is very narrow, which enables control of the river traffic. In fact, the name "Quebec" comes from an Amerindian word meaning "narrowing." -
The Seigneurial Regime
-The seigneurial system was needed to cultivate the new colony.
-Rich French men were granted land and had peasants (censitaires) who worked and lived on it.
-the Seigneurs had to build roads, provide a mill, and pay the king the money that the peasants paid them.
-The peasants had to give a portion of their crops, use the provided mill, pay for it, work on the field, use the grazing area, pay taxes to the Lords. -
The Population of New France
-New France wasn't developping even though it was the first permanent settlement
-It was mainly people working for fur trade.
-The king wanted to encourage settlement, so he put intendant, Jean Talon in charge of New France.
-Jean Talon wanted anyone to come live in New France, except for Huguenots, who were French protestants, while the majority of the French population was catholic. -
Company of One Hundred Associates
In 1627, the King of France mandated the Company of One Hundred Associates to populate the colony which at that time only had about one hundred European inhabitants. The company attracted several hundred colonists. However, this was well under the 4000 projected. The immigrants that came were mainly men who came to trade fur or to battle against the Iroquois. Some of them arrived with their spouses. -
Company of One Hundred Associates
Founded by Cardinal de Richelieu in 1627, it was financed by approximately one hundred French shareholders including Samuel de Champlain. -
The first permanent settlement: Sieur de Laviolette
In 1634, Sieur de Laviolette was put in charge of finding a second settlement at the confluence the of St. Maurice and St. Lawrence rivers by Samuel de Champlain. -
The politics of immigration
In 1663, the King of France decided to foster the development of New France. Based on the advice of his Finance Minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, he created the position of intendant who was in charge of settlement and the planning of the territory. -
Portrait of the Canadian population
In 1666, the King of France mandated Jean Talon to take a census of the population of New France to determine how many men could be recruited for military purposes. In each city and village, information was collected about the inhabitants. This data revealed the presence of 3173 people in the colony. Categories of people in the colony included inhabitants engagés and the volunteers. -
Filles du Roy
Another way Jean Talon tried to increase the population was les Filles du Roy. The popualation went from 3,000 to 70,000 people from 1663 to 1760, but the 13 colonies had 2 million.
-Filles du Roy were orphaned girls from France.
They were quickly married because:
-Payments were given to couples who married young.
-Fathers of unmarried girls over a certain age had to pay fines.
-Bachelors over 21 paid fines all with hopes to increase the population. -
The Great Peace of Montreal
In 1701, they signed the Great Peace of Montreal to end the war between the Iroquois and the French. -
Birth incentives implemented by Jean Talon
The birth incentives implemented by Jean Talon were a success. BY 1720, the fertility rate in New France was more than nine children per woman. The natural growth of the population soon became greater than the rate of immigration which slowed down considerable after 1680.The high birth rate was was mainly due to the fact that women got married at a young age, ate well and had a higher life expectancy than women in France. -
The British Regime
-The French population was 99% and the English population was only 1%.
-Everyone was now British subjects. -
Relations of the Native People
-Crossbreeding between different cultural groups (métissage.)
-Change of their occupation of territory (migration.)
-Aboriginal population died (diseases and wars.)
EUROPEANS LEARNED:
-How to survive in winter (clothing, travel...)
-How to eat corn, pumpkins, maple syrup...
NATIVES LEARNED:
-Iron tools
-Shown weapons
-They suffered because of alcohol and disease.
-Foods like salt, bread... -
Immigration of Loyalists
Loyalists are english speaking people that are loyal to the British Colony, they immigrate to Quebec which is North of the United States. The loyalists had a huge impact on the demography of Quebec that they changed the English population from 1% to 10%. -
Encourage Immigration to Increase the Population
They granted land to shipping and railroad companies. Immigration agents coming to the aid of immigrants in 1828. -
Irish Immigration
-Cholera epidemic. If you were sick when you were on the boat, which was very possible, and still sick when you got off, you were quarantined to Grosse-Ile until you got better; that's if you survived.
-Conditions during the passage were difficult and disase spread vey easily. If one person was sick, basically the entire boat got sick.
-They came because there was a potato famine. (The Irish Potato Famine.) -
The Indian Act
-After World War 2, the Natives were upset that the provincial government wanted to launch prjects on their land without the permission of the natives. They compramised with the Natives and negociated with them because of that.
-The federal government adopted the Indian Act in order to clarify that the reserves of the natives remained the property of the government. -
Urban Population Increase
-Urban sprawl: Spreading of urban developments in underdeveloped places near cities.
-Rural exodus: People who lived in the country started moving to the cities because there were more job opportunities. All the new machines caused people to lose their jobs.
-The development of working class neighbourhoods.
-Reversal of rural and urban populations (rural exodus.) -
The Colonization of New Regions
-To avoid people emigrating to the United States, the Laurentians, Gaspésie, Côte-Nord, and Abitibi were colonized because they have natural resources.
