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1500
Migration by the Bering Strait
-Natives migrated to North America
-During the ice age
-Followed the animals
-Land Bridge: way they migrated, Huge frozen piece of land -
Period: Jan 1, 1500 to
Population and settlement
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Feb 1, 1500
First Occupants
-Native people have been in North America as far back as 30 000 BC
-The Iroquois lived in the St-Lawrence Lowlands
-The Algonquins lived in the Canadian Shield
-Iroquois=sedentary
-Algonquins=nomadic
-No occupation of land, everyone shared -
1530
Jacques Cartier
-3 voyages to New France
-Jacques came to America to find a route from Asia, bring back riches and gold and to claim land for the king of France.
-He found gold, umber and fur
-brought back natives -
alliances with the native people
-Aboriginal people decimated
-cross breading between both cultures started
-Natives migrated
-Europeans learned from the natives on how to survive the winter and how to eat
-Natives learned from the Europeans about weapons, food and alcohol
-Many natives died from the alcohol -
Samuel de Champlain
-first voyage: Port Royal in nova Scotia
-Failed because it was too far from the natives
-Established in 1608-1609 a trading post in Quebec, which would be called New France -
New France
-Because of fur trade, New France expanded quickly
-They kept killing all the animals so they constantly had to go further
-Lots of land, not a lot of people
-Fear the British would fight because of low population for the amount of land -
The seigneurial Regime
-way to increase population
-King granted pieces of land to rich French
-Seigneurs were the owner of the land and censitaire worked for land to live on in return
-Land was divided up in rectangles -
filles de roi
-New France was low on women
-to increase the population, they brought in the filles de roi
-Women would be shipped to the cities and men would pick one to be their wifes
-They then would have children, increasing the population -
Population of new France
-population was low
-not developing
-people on came for fur trade
-Jean Talon was put in place to expand -
Jean Talon
-Was hired to increase population in New France
-allowed anyone to come, even petty criminals
-brought filles de roi
-payments were given to couples who married young
-fathers of unmarried girls had to pay fines
-the population increased -
British migration policies
-99% French and 1% English in New France
-All under British ruling
-Wealthy British business men arrived
-granted free land to encourage immigration
-There was propaganda to encourage immigration -
Effects of the loyalists
-36000 loyalists came to Canada
-6,000 came to Quebec
-The English population had a sudden increase, now at 10%
-They used the township system instead of the seingneurial system
-They gave their settlements English names
-The English people wanted more English people to come -
The imperial Act
-assured prospective immigrants that their slaves would remain their property.
- Loyalist slaves were held in small numbers and were employed as domestic servants, farmhands, and skilled artisans. -
constitutional act
-made to divide both Canada
-Upper Canada was for the English
-Lower Canada was for the french
-English in lower Canada weren't pleased with this new rule -
The effect of natural and migratory movements on the formation of the population.
-Distribution of men and women
-There were more women than men because of the fur trade
-Composition of the population (Europeans, Aboriginals, Métis, Slaves).
-social classes were created -
Slavery in other provinces in British north america
-had effectively limited slavery through court decisions
-requiring the strictest proof of ownership, which was rarely available
-Slavery remained legal, however, until the British Parliament's Slavery Abolition Act finally abolished slavery in all parts of the British Empire effective August 1, 1834. -
impact of Irish immigrants
-Tons of people immigrated from Ireland because of potato famine
-conditions were difficult while immigrating
-disease spread
-cholera epidemic -
Overpopulation in the seigneuries
-over population in the farms
-people moved to the cities for jobs
-cities and working conditions were terrible
-Most people left to the united states for a better life
-People left to the forest regions
-people also left to colonize new regions -
Relations with the native people
-Proclamation royal reserved the natives tons of land
-continuation of business alliances for the fur trade -
increase of urban population
-rural exodus
-development of working class neighborhoods
-reversal of rural and urban populations
-urban sprawl -
Slavery in Canada
-Canadian First Nations owned or traded in slaves, an institution that had existed for centuries or longer among certain groups.
-Black slaves lived in the British regions of Canada
-104 slaves were listed in nova Scotia
-The subject of slavery in Canada is unmentioned– neither banning nor permitting in the treaty of Paris or the Quebec Act -
relations with the native people
-indian act was created
-Aboriginal claims related to the exploitation of natural resources by the government
-oka crisis
-Recognition of treaty rights -
The effects of natural movements and immigration on the population and the occupation of territory
-French Canadians remained majority
-multiculturalism increased in the 20th century
-Diversification of the population -
impact of immigration towards the united states
-lack of employment in agriculture
-industrial phases
-most intelligent and skilled people left Canada -
Oka crisis
-Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka
-a golf course wanted to expand on native land, claiming it was his
-Canadian forces were called
-it lasted 78 days
-ending without armed conflict
-the issue still remains
