-
Aug 30, 1500
Land Bridge
The first nations travelled from Asia to Alaska across a land bridge. The first people to populate the North and South America, migrated across the Land Bridge while tracking large game animal herds. -
Period: Aug 30, 1500 to
Population
-
Sep 6, 1500
Relations with the Native peoples (1)
Because of the arrival of the French, the aboriginal population decimated on account of the french bringing in diseases that the natives immune systems couldn't handle, and wars. There was crossbreeding between different cultural groups; Métissage. The natives changed their territory because the soil was no longer fertile; they needed to move to better grounds for agriculture. -
Sep 6, 1500
Relations with the Native peoples (2)
The Europeans learned some things from the Natives, like; how to survive winter (clothing, travel), how to eat (corn, maple syrup). The Natives also learned some things from the Europeans, like weapons, iron tools, foods like salt, bread and suffered also because of alcohol which was very addicting and diseases which again, their immune systems weren't strong enough to fight. -
Aug 30, 1534
Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier went on 3 different voyages in search of riches, land and a new route to Asia. His first voyage was in 1534, he explored and mapped the Gulf of St-Lawrence. His second voyage was in 1535, he sailed up the St-Lawrence and reached Stadacona. The natives showed Europeans how to survive winter; they return with native captives. The final voyage was in 1541 and he tried to set up a colony but it was not successful. -
Samuel de Champlain
The king sent a voyage in 1605 to initiate a settlement in Nova Scotia called Port Royal which Samuel de Champlain was a part of. Port Royal was not successful because of its position; it was too far for the natives to travel, especially because while they are travelling, the fur could get damaged or stolen. Champlain returned in 1608-09 to establish a trading post near Stadacona, a point where the river narrows. Which was soon called New France. -
Composition of the population
The formation of the population all started with the effect of natural and migratory movements. Starting with the distribution of men and women. Vast majority of the population were men, because the men were the ones required in the fur trade. Another part of the population is made up of the Europeans, Aboriginal people who were brought over, the Métis and slaves. The population was divided into social classes: Nobility/Elite Middle, Class/Bourgeoisie and Peasants/Habitant. -
Settlement policy and birth rate
N.F. wasn't developing very quickly. Once the king took power he wanted to encourage settlement, he put Intendant Jean Talon in charge, who came up with many solutions. Soldiers were offered free land if they stay in N.F. at retirement. Minor criminals trying to escape going to prison came to NF. He brought in Files du roi from France to get married. He gave payments to couples who married young. fathers of unmarried girls and single men over 21 paid fines. The population quickly increased. -
Seigneurial Regime
In order to cultivate this new colony, there was a method of land division; the Seigniorial System. The king would give pieces of land to rich French men. They would have to develop and get rent from the peasants who lived on it. The goal of this new system was to attract new settlers to come to New France and keep them organized, but, the 13 Colonies were growing much faster. Towns and villages were soon created; along the St-Lawrence River: First Quebec, then Trois-Rivere, then Montreal. -
Colonization of new regions
Because of overpopulation and exploitation of forests, there was an opening up of new areas; they’re into the forest industry. Some of the new areas for example are: Saguenay, Mauricie and Outaouais. When these new areas opened up, they were encouraged by the church, but they were not always successful unless natural resources were there. The church thought that the cities had more sins, or more ways to get you in “trouble” or, that just more bad things happen in the city. -
Immigration policies (1)
To promote British immigration, there were some policies that were installed. When the British take control, only the very wealthy French would leave New France, so the population was 99% French and 1% English. Now, they are all British Subjects. -
Immigration policies (2)
In 1763, British immigration starts, the first to come are the wealthy business men looking to take over. In 1791, there is lots of encouragement of immigration. For example, granting of land to shipping and railroad companies. In 1812, laws were being installed to discourage American immigration in Upper Canada. Then in 1840, Colonial Land and Emigration Commission and permanent immigration office in London were installed as well. Finally, ideas were spread to encourage immigration. -
Relations with the Native population
There were still business alliances going on with the Native people for fur trade because fur was one of the most wanted resources. Starting in 1850, there was designation land reserved specifically for indigenous people. -
Effects of the loyalists
Most of the loyalist came to Canada in the Maritimes but others went to Quebec in the West of Montreal. The english population had started to increase. They settled according to the Township system and they gave their settlements English names. Diseases were slowly starting to spread through the colony. The diseases caused the installation of Cholera epidemic, a quarantine station at Grosse-Ile. The sick would stay there until they're healthy or they'd die there. -
Composition of the population
Because there was a lot of immigration going on, the population was being strongly effected. French-Canadian is still the majority because of their high birth rate. English-speaking minority is growing because of all the immigration policies. There is much more territorial groupment of different ethnic groups in different cities. -
Colonization of new regions
There were different effects of opening up new regions on the society and territory. For example, countering emigration towards the United States because there were many more opportunities there. Also, growth and occupation of territory: opening up outlying regions (Côte-Nord, Abitibi, Gaspésie, The Laurentians) and creation of new communities. -
Different Policies to promote immigration
To promote immigration, different policies were installed. For example, there were land grants and handing over of land to rail companies to settle the west. After wars or economical crisis's, there were big immigration waves because people were trying to settle in better places. -
Composition of the population
There were several effects of natural movements and immigration on the population and the occupation of territory. For example, french Canadians remained the majority but there were still some immigrants. In the 20th century, the pluriculturality increases in the big cities, meaning a nation or society where different cultures settle. Diversification of the population since 1945, the population started welcoming many different cultures. -
Emigration to the United States and the west
The population was started to increase but overpopulation of the seigneuries leads to consequences. Emigration to the forest regions of Quebec: ex: Outaouais, Témiscamingue and Western Canada because they were encouraging immigration and giving free land. Emigration to the United States from about 1840 was common simply because there were more opportunities in the US. -
Relations with the Native population
The Indian Act of 1876, was installed mainly to assimilate the indian peoples. In 1990, Mohawk warriors established road blocks on the borders to their reserves in Oka, but a golf course wanted to expand 9 holes onto native land. The native militarily got organized and the Canadian Forces came in to handle the situation. This crisis called the "Oka crisis", lasted 78 days, when the this crisis was finally over, it ended without without armed conflict. Even though it ended, the issues remained. -
Emigration to the United States and the west
Emigration towards the United States and the West, had an impact on the formation of the population. There was lack of employment in the agricultural sector. Towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, industrialization starts developing. Starting in the 1990s, a lot of the most educated and qualified workers leave to find better opportunities. -
Increase of the urban population
Urbanization had different effects on the occupation of territory.
Starting with Rural exodus. Rural exodus is when people moved from the countryside to urban areas. Working class neighbourhoods started developing, a neighbourhood made up of households with people that go to work, as opposed to an area of students, or poor unemployed. Urban sprawl: the spreading of urban developments for example houses and shopping centres start developing on undeveloped land near cities.
