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1543
Nicolaus Copernicus
he made heliocentric system
he also thought Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun
the earth revoled around the sun -
Francis Bacon
devised a method whereby scientists set up experiments to manipulate nature and attempt to prove their hypotheses wrong. father of empiricism and one of the first ones to include experimentation in sciences promotion of the scientific method -
Galileo Galilei
made the scientific method
first to use the refacting telescope
and see how the other plants move -
Rene Descartes
transform geometrical problems into algebra
and the proposer of a new metaphysics.
the developer of a new and comprehensive physics or theory of nature -
isaac Newton
made the three laws of gravity
made what goes up must come down
made calculus -
John Locke
a key advocate of the empirical approaches of the Scientific Revolution John Locke was among the most famous philosophers and political theorists of the 17th century. Locke pioneered the ideas of natural law, social contract, religious toleration, and the right to revolution -
Montesquieu
Montesquieu's writings help to create a desire for freedom and helped to spark the French Revolution. His political theory work, particularly the idea of separation of powers, shaped the modern democratic government. he tried to find the natural laws that govern the social and political relationships of human beings -
Denis Diderot
publication of "Encyclopedia or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts. he was one of the originators and interpreters of the Enlightenment. connected the newest scientific trends to radical philosophical ideas such as materialism -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
he viewed individuals as interdependent and the Enlightenment's focus on individuality undermined the natural equality of human beings he propelled political and ethical thinking into new channels. the Discourse on Inequality, the Discourse on Political Economy, The Social Contract, and Considerations on the Government of Poland -
Voltaire
He advocated for social reform and equality introduced the idea of their separation into revolutionary ideals Voltaire was a French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church -
James Watt
James Watt is chiefly known for inventing different types of steam engine drive machinery in paper, cotton, flour and iron mills, textile factories, distilleries, canals, waterworks and even drive an early steam locomotive. transformed the steam engine – the most significant invention of the Industrial Revolution. Without Watt there would have been no locomotives, -
Adam Smith
he applied precisely the same kind of Enlightenment ideas and ideals to market exchange as did the other philosophes to morality, science, and so on. He's known primarily for his groundbreaking 1776 book on economics called An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. and he also made the free market -
George Washington
his leadership presence and fortitude held the American military together long enough to secure victory at Yorktown and independence for his new nation in 1781. Washington had experienced firsthand the effects of rising taxes imposed on American colonists by the British and came to believe that it was in the best interests of the colonists to declare independence from England collecting provisions and munitions, and rallying Congress and the colonies to his support. -
Thomas Jefferson
the Declaration of Independence, the Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom, and the University of Virginia Jefferson promoted studies of natural history, botany, archeology, and architecture. Jefferson adapted his words in the Preamble of the Declaration of Independence, stating that “all men” are entitled to certain natural rights, including “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. -
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
He created a new path and style of music that did not follow the idea of "divine inspiration" or tradition His compositions were informed by the spirit of that era, and Enlightenment ideas were integral to his music, particularly the operas His compositions became a cornerstone of the classical style, influencing many composers who followed him -
Maximillien Robespierre
encouraged the execution, mostly by guillotine, of more than 17,000 enemies of the Revolution Jacobin Club, Robespierre went on to dominate the powerful Committee of Public Safety and oversee the Reign of Terror Maximilien Robespierre, the architect of the French Revolution's Reign of Terror, is overthrown and arrested by the National Convention. As the leading member of the Committee of Public Safety from 1793, -
Miguel Hidalgo
his speech, the “Grito de Dolores” (“Cry of Dolores”), which called for the end of Spanish colonial rule in Mexico Hidalgo concluded that a revolt was needed because of injustices against the poor of Mexico. In 1810, a Mexican priest, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, led a short-lived revolt against Spanish rule -
Simon Bolivar
South American soldier and statesman who led the revolutions against Spanish rule in New Granada (now Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador), Peru, and Upper Peru (now Bolivia). an example of what he has done is Latin American freedom successfully liberated three territories—New Granada (Colombia and Panama), Venezuela, and Quito (Ecuador)—from Spanish rule