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William Whewell (May 24,1794–March 6,1866)
Whewell claims that all knowledge has an ideal or a subjective and objective dimension. This is better known as “fundamental antithesis.” He went on to call this the “fundamental antithesis” of knowledge. He then went on to explain that "in every act of knowledge there are two opposing elements known as ideas and perception. Fundamental ideas are supported by the mind itself, they are not received by the observation of the world. -
Werner Heisenberg (DEC 5,1901- FEB 1,1976)
In 1925 at just 23 years old Heisenberg published his theory of quantum mechanics which would later led him to winning a Nobel prize for physics in 1932. His theory was based on what can be observed. Heisenberg took quantities such as position and velocity and found a new way to manipulate them. This method would later be known as the 'matrices.' It is said that Heisenberg conducted a though experiment as well which is where he tried to measure the position of an electron with a gamma ray. -
Kenneth Craik (1914-1945)
Kenneth Craik is known for writing the book 'The nature of explanation.' Craik stated that "we should understand mental representation in terms of models in the brain that share an abstract structure with target domains in the body and world." One of Craik's most fundamental properties of though is the power of predicting events. -
John Dewey (OCT20,1859-JUN 1,1952)
John Dewey was an American philosopher who created the John Dewey Theory of learning which involves a curriculum where multiple subjects are combined and students can freely walk in and out of classes. By doing this the students are able to pursue their own interest in a specific class and learn how to apply scientific knowledge. The teacher would then become aware of each students' interest and help them develop problem solving skills. Dewey believed that learning was socially constructed.