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Period: Jan 1, 1300 to
Renaissance
The Renaissance was a cultural rebirth in the earlly 14th to mid 17th century involving the European countries and the New World. This time had people traveling the world and discovering new land. Prince Henry "The Navigator" was a 15th century prince from Portugal. He sent sailor from Portugal to the west of Africa into the Atlantic. -
Period: Jan 1, 1490 to Dec 31, 1498
Northwest Passage and John Cabot
The Northwest Passage is a sea route connecting Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean in Canada. John Cabot attempted to find a way through but failedin the late 15th century. It was important because it would allow a way to get from Europe to Asia quicker. -
Period: Jan 1, 1492 to Dec 31, 1550
Columbian Exchange
Columbus was a sailor from Spain in the 15th century that was funded by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. He found the New World traveling. The Columbian Exchange was a wordwide transfer of livestock after Columbus' voyage to America. It gave American species, diseases, and resources to the rest of the world and vice versa. During this time, Europeans migrated. This means they moved from one place (country) to another (America). This was important as it established the 13 colonies. -
Period: Jan 1, 1511 to Dec 31, 1540
Invasion of Mexico
In 1511, Hernan Cortes, a spanish conquistador, left Spain to invaded Mexico from Spain. He was important because he captured Mexico. Conquistadors were conquerors such as Columbus and Cortez that left from Spain. They captured Mexico and gave the Spanish influence that Mexico and lower US has today. Moctezuma was the 9th ruler of Tenochtitlan and the Aztecs. The Spanish took over and he was killed in the process. He allowed this to happen. -
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American Colonization
A predisio was a fortified base of Spain built in the 16th-19th century in North America and Africe. These gave protection from other countries. A mestizo is a person of Spanish and Native American descent. The conquistadors and the natives were involved. This created diversity in gene pool that we have today. A joint stock company is when investors invest money for a common cause. This was the case for American colonies, and it helped fund America's beginnings. -
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American Colonization 2
John Smith was an explorer and founder of Jamestown. He was saved Pochahontus when he was captured. He founded the first American colony at Jamestown. A puritan was a member of a group that wanted religion in England simpler in services and stricter in morals. The came to the colonies and Plymouth. House of Burgesses was the first legislative assembly in American colonies. The Virginia Company organized it in Jamestown. They established rules in the colonies that came to be today's laws. -
Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower Compact was the first written form of government in America that gave equal laws and fair laws. It was set up by the Pilgrims at Plymouth and it set up the foundation of our government today. -
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Iroquois League
The Iroquois League was a confederacy of Native American tribes from New York. They consisted of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscara. They defended us in the French-Indian War and influenced the Constitution Adobe is a type of sun dried brick to build houses. It was used by the Native Americans. Colonists learned from this technique and built houses in a similar fashion. -
Bacon's Rebellion
Bacon's Rebellion was a rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against William Berkeley's rule in Jamestown. This was the first rebellion of American colonial history. -
Pennsylvania Colony Founded
William Penn was an English quaker who established Pennsylvania. King Charles II gave him the land and he named it after himself. This is important because it eventually became a state in the US. -
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Early American Government 2
A bicameral legislature is a body of government that consists of 2 legislative houses. George Washington and James Madison set one of these up in Congress. This is important in balancing the power. The Articles of Confederation was a document created by the Continental Congress in 1777 going to 1789. It was important because is influenced the Constitutions in its successes and failures. -
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Early American Government 1
The Northwest Ordinance was an act of Congress July 13, 1787. It provided rules on how they would handle land north of Ohio River and west of the Alleghenies. It was important because it made a plan on how America would expand westward. The Great Compromise was thetwo-house legislature plan establishing the House and Senate. It satisfied both the New Jersey and Virginia Plan. it was important because it established today's system of governement. -
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Early American Government 3
Popular soveriegnty was the idea that citizens voted on issues and decide for themselves. It involved the citizens rather than Congress and was important because it is a large part of the democratic government today. Limited government is the idea that the Constitution limits the power of the government. The gives the people more freedoms and separates power. This is important because it protects the liberties of the American citizens. -
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Early American Government 4
Separation of powers is the idea that each branch has its own duties and limitations. The executive carries out laws, legislative makes them, and judicial interprets them. The is important as it prevents abuse of power and ensures freedom. Checks and balances is the idea that the 3 branches has some sort of power over others. The presidents can veto laws, Congress can override it, and the Supreme Court can say any law in unconstitutional. This balances powers of governement and gives freedoms. -
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Shay's Rebellion
Shay's Rebellion was an uprising of debt ridden farmers in Massachussetts protesting high taxes and foreclosures. It was led by Daniel Shay and is important because it helped in writing the Constitution and increased the reasoning for the strong central government. -
The Federalist
The Federalist was a series of 85 essays defending the Constitution writing by "Publius" or Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. They explained each part of the document and why they were necessary. This was important because it promoted the new form of government and explained the Articles need to be destroyed. -
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The Nation Begins 2
A tariff is an import tax on goods. Washington, Hamilton, and Congress placed these on the citizens. This eventually led to the Whiskey Rebellion. Loose construction is the idea of having a more open approach to the Constitution. This was argued between Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. This is important because it was a national debate and people argued over the words of the Constitution. -
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The Nation Begins 3
Strict construction is the idea that the federal government does not have power that is not specific in the constitution. Hamilton and Madison argued over this. It is important because it was debated by the whole country and influenced today's government. John Jay was the chief justice of the Supreme Court who went to London to negotiate the Northwest territory. He was able to remove British soldiers peacefully, but anger the French who thought we were allies. -
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The Nation Begins 4
Judicial Review
- Judicial review is the ability of the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional established in the Marbury vs Madison case. This is important because it is still in force today and balances powers. -
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The Nation Begins 1
The cabinet were Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph. They were chosen by Washington to be his advisors. This is important because these people helped govern the executive branch and they still exist today. Alexander Hamilton was Washington's secretary of treasury and opposed Thomas Jefferson. He believed in strong central government and he set up the national Bank. He is important because he set up the foundation of America and impacted today with his policies -
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2nd Great Awakening
The 2nd Great Awakening was another revival of religion that stressed the people could improve themselves and society. Charles Finney and his contemporaries participated, and this inspired new reforms and promoted individualism. Utopian communities were experimental groups who tried to create a perfect living place such as New Harmony in Indiana and Brook Farm. These made many become active in humanitarian reform movements like abolishing slavery and women rights. -
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2nd Great Awakening 2
Dorothea Dix was a woman who join the movement for social reform. She got the message to switch legislature to help mentally ill people. This is important because she was able to set up 9 mental hospitals. Nat Turner was a gifted preacher who wanted to lead his people to freedom. He led a rebellion on for plantations and was eventually hanged. He was important because 200 black people were killed in retaliation and slaveowners became stricter. -
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2nd Great Awakening 3
William Lloyd Garrison was the most radical white abolitionist and an editor. He wrote The Liberator and demanded emancipation. His opinions angered opposing people and he insulted the churches and government. The abolition movement was the movement to end slavery Gary at this involves slave, slaveowners, abolitionists, and white people. This was important because it caused a war and separated the country. -
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2nd Great Awakening 4
The Seneca Falls convention was a woman's rights convention in New York led by Elizabeth Stanton where a Declaration of Sentiments was created. It was important because women's rights was a large movement and they wanted to bring equality Elizabeth Cody Stanton started the Seneca Falls convention and helped write the declaration of sentiments. She was a woman's rights activists and was important because she helped women get the opportunities they have today. -
Whiskey Rebellion
The whiskey rebellion is a protest on tariffs on whiskey led by small farmers. They threatened to secede, and Washington was able to scatter them without death. This was important because it established the power of federal government in domestic affairs. -
Alien and Sedition Acts
The Alien and Sedition Acts were laws passed by Congress and John Adams stating that anyone saying something against the government could be thrown in jail. This was important because it violated the Constitution's idea of freedom of speech. -
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase is an agreement between Robert Livingston and James Monroe giving the US the Louisiana territory. This is important because it more than doubled the US land size and gave us today's Midwest. -
Marbury v Madison
This was a court case between William Marbury and James Madison. Marbury sued Madison for not giving him his official papers in time. He lost because the Supreme Court did not think it was unconstitutional. This established judicial review still today. -
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America Expands
Manifest destiny was a phrase of Americans expressing their belief that the US should expand westward to Mexico. This was important because it became a motivation to Americans to gain more land. -
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The War of 1812
Impressment was the practice of seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into the British Navy. This was a major part in why the US fought the British in the War of 1812. War Hawks were young group of congressman from the south and west led by John Calhoun and Henry Clay. They called for war against Britain and supported the war. They are important because without them the War of 1812 may not have happened. -
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War or 1812 2
Andrew Jackson was a general in the War of 1812. He defeated the Native Americans and won at New Orleans against the British. Without him we may be under control of British today because they could have won the war. -
Hartford Convention
The Hartford Convention was a meeting of federalist in Connecticut to protest the war of 1812 and make New England safe from the war. This was important because it destroy the Federalist party and there were reports of secession. -
Treaty of Ghent
This treaty on Christmas Eve ended the War of 1812. American and British diplomats came to this agreement, and without it the fighting could have continued and more lives could've been lost. -
American System
The American System was a plan presented by James Madison, Henry Clay, and John Calhoun to develop transportation, a protective tariff, and a national bank. It was important because it united the nation economically and we became independent. -
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Chapter 7-9 Terms
Interchangeable parts are parts that are exactly alike and can be put in place of other parts. Eli Whitney demonstrated the first musket made of them. They are important as they were the first steps toward developing tools that unskilled workers could make. The Erie Canal is a canal that connects the Hudson river and Lake Erie. It was supported by DeWitt Clinton. It is important because it made New York City a dominant port in the country. -
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Chapter 7-9 Terms 2
The cotton gin is a tool made by Eli Whitney to separate cotton from it seeds. It is important because it expanded slavery to a level that had not been reached before. Henry Clay was the speaker of the house who promoted Madison's plan (the American system) because he realized it would unite the country. He was important because he contributed to domestic policy and economic improvement. -
Missouri Compromise
The Missouri compromise was in agreement to make Maine a free state, Missouri a slave state, and split new territory with the 36 30 parallel. It was made by Henry Clay and is important because it resolved the issue of slavery in new states. -
Lone Star Republic
The Lone Star Republic was the name for the Texas territory afterwards independence from Spain but before the joining of the US. Is important because it gave Texas the state pride it has today. -
Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a warning by President James Monroe to the world to not interfere with the western hemisphere's affairs or colonies. This was important because contributed to the idea of isolation. -
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Andrew Jackson's Presidency
In Jacksonian Democracy, Andrew Jackson was president and John Calhoun was vice president. Jackson fired 10% of employees and hired his loyalists. He removed natives, created state banks, and refused a national bank. He's important because he created the Whig Party and expanded westward. Tariff of Abominations anger the south and John Calhoun because the country couldn't afford European goods anymore, so they bought from the north. This is important because it caused sectionalism and tension. -
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Andrew Jackson's Presidency 2
Nullification, made by John Calhoun, said that states could reject an unconstitutional law of the federal government. This is important because it ended up being the basis for South Carolina seceding from the Union. -
Indian Removal Act
The Indian Removal Act was a law passed by Congress that provided funds to force Native Americans to move west. This is important because it allowed America to expand westward. -
Wilmot Proviso
The Wilmost Proviso involved David Wilmot, the US, and Mexico. It said that no territory acquired by the war with Mexico can have slavery. This is important because it angered the north when Southerners did not vote for it, and angered the self who claimed property is protected by the Constitution. -
Mormon Movement
The Mormon movement involves the Mormons. They were persecuted and they landed in Utah. This is important because today Utah is still dominated by the Mormon religion. -
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California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush happened in California after James Marshall found gold. 49ers went there to find gold and get rich afterwards. This is important because San Francisco became a large city and diversity increased. -
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo gave the US California, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, a lot of Arizona, part of Wyoming, and parts of Colorado. It also gave borders to Texas. This is important because it gave us our home and a large part of the US today. -
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Pre Civil War Terms
Popular sovereignty was the idea in the Compromise of 1850 that New Mexico and Utah's citizens have the right to vote for or against slavery. This is important because both the north and the south were happy, thinking they would win. The underground railroad was a network of people helping slaves escape to the north. It was led by Harriet Tubman and it was important because abuse slaves were finally able to gain freedom. -
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Pre Civil War Terms 2
Harriet Beecher Stowe was an abolitionist author who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin. This is important because northern abolitionists protested even more against the Fugitive Slave Act and slavery as a whole. Dred Scott was a Missouri slave whose owner, Roger B Taney, died. He fought for his freedom claiming he was free because he lived in Illinois for four years. This is important because the case was ruled that he had no freedom. Southerners loved it but northerners were outraged. -
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Pre Civil War Terms 3
Harper's Ferry is a West Virginia town where John Brown and 21 northern abolitionists failed to get slaves to revolt. This is important because when Brown was hanged, the north saw him as a hero. It caused fear of more slave uprising. The Confederate states of America was a new country composed of the former south. The president was Jefferson Davis and they created a new constitution. They were important because when the states seceded the war began. -
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was proposed by Henry Clay, stating California as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico decided by popular sovereignty. This is important because although it please both sides, it only delayed the war. -
Gadsden Purchase
The Gadsden Purchase bought the land south of the Gila River. President Franklin Pierce bought it from Mexico. This is important because it gave us southern Arizona and New Mexico. -
Kansas-Nebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska act, presented by Stephen Douglas, split the Kansas-Nebraska territory into two states and established popular sovereignty. This was important because it went against the Missouri compromise and increased sectionalism. -
Battle of Fort Sumter
Charleston, SC
Confederates (Beauregard) attack Union (Anderson)
80 Union, 500 Confederate
Confederates open fire from Charleston Harbor
1 Union casualty, 0 Confederate
Lincoln decided to resupply the fort, so the Confederates attacked
First battle of the war
South Carolina had succeeded before the battle
Northerners enlisted in the Union after -
Battle of Fort Sumter
The Battle of Fort Sumter was the first violence of the Civil War. It involve the north and the south, and is important because it was the first fighting of many to come. -
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Anaconda Plan
Winfield Scott proposed this stragedy
Block saltwater ports of South to stop trade on Mississippi River No cotton, no resources
Strangled Confederacy like anaconda
Blockade coast
DIvide South by controlloing Miss River
Capture Tennessee River Valley and march through Georgia to coast
Capture Richmond, Virginia, capital of Confederate States -
First Battle of Bull Run
Fairfax County and Prince William County, Virginia
18,000 troops for both sides (Union vs Confederate)
Confederates came by rail
Union (McDowell) attack Confederate (Johnston, Beauregard)
Disaster for Union
Twice amount of casualties for Union
Lincoln signed bill calling for 500,000 volunteers after
Union wanted to end war quickly
First major land battle of war
Union realized it would be a long hard war -
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Battle of Shiloh
Pittsburg, Tennesee
66000 Union (Grant and Buell) 13,000 casualties
44700 Confederate (Johnston) 10,700 casualties
Confederate waiting to attack Union in Tennessee
Confederates successful at first, retreat when Buell arrives -
Battle of Antietam
Union (McClellan) vs Confederate (Lee)
Sharpsburg, Maryland (Washington County/Antietam Creek)
South wanted to invade North
Union outnumbered South
Intercepted plans of Lee
Linear Formation
draw/Union victory
Bloodiest day of American history -
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Battle of Fredericksburg
Fredericksburg, VA
Union (Burnside) 120,000-13,000
Conf (Lee) 80,000-5,000
Women sewed, nurses, spies
African Americans could volunteer
Lee had weak right flank so Lincoln ordered the attack
200,000 total combatants
Confederate victory
Fought of southern territory
Lincoln fired Burnside
Showed South had consistent better general (Lee) -
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Battle of Chancellorsville
Chancellorsville, VA
Union 97,000 (Hooker) 14,000
Conf. 57,000 (Lee) 10,000
Union lost
Conf split army
Stonewall Jackson died of friendly fire
South did not benefit very much -
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The Siege of Vicksburg
Vicksburg was last major Conferderate stronghold on MIssissippii River
Union was attempting to cut off Confederacy's resources
Failed attempt by Union
North 4000 casualties
South 500 casualties
Union victory
Grant paroled Confederate prisoners -
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Battle of Gettysburg
Union (Meade and Reynolds) 23,000 casualties
Conf (Lee) 23,000 casualties
Gettysburg, PA
Lee trying to invade north for 2nd time
largest North American battle ever
bloodiest Civil War battle
Union victory
Gettysburg Address by Lincoln -
Battle of Atlanta
Southeast of Atlanta
34,000 Union
40,000 Conf
Sherman (Union)
Hood (Conf)
Allowed Lincoln to be reelected
Union wanted to wipe out Confederate center of military operations (Atlanta)
Began Sherman's March -
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Sherman's March to the Sea
North (William Sherman and Grant)
62,000
South
13,000
Georgia
Marching from Atlanta to Savannah
Total War (destroyed everything-houses,crops,railraods)
Lincoln did not endorse, but he trusted Sherman
To force the South to surrender
Economy was destroyed -
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Reconstruction
Reconstruction is the period in United States history immediately following the Civil War in which the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern states back into the Union. This is important because it brought the country back together after the war. -
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Post Civil War Terms 1
Radical republicans were members of the Republican Party in the era of the American Civil War and reconstruction led by Thaddeus Stevens. They were important because they controlled Congress in the aftermath of the American Civil War and determined the path taken. Freedman's Bureau was a group dedicated to helping poor blacks in the south after the war. They were important because they help blacks get used to freedom. -
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Post Civil War Terms 2
Sharecropping is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on their portion of land. This was important because slave owners after the war used this system and allowed slaves back legally. Ku Klux Klan is a a secret organization in the southern U.S., active for several years after the Civil War, which aimed to suppress the newly acquired powers of blacks. They are still around today and are still just as racist. -
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Post Civil War Terms 3
Reparations for slavery is the idea that some form of compensatory payment should be made to the descendants of Africans who had been enslaved by the Atlantic Slave Trade. This is important because it is alive today where blacks believe they should be given something for relatives being slaves. Carpetbaggers are Northerners who moved to the South after the American Civil War, during the Reconstruction era to take advantage of the south. This is important because they benefited off the south. -
Black Codes
Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War aimed at former slaves. They were importantant because they had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom. -
Civil Rights Act 1866
The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was passed by Congress and granted citizenship and the same rights enjoyed by white citizens to all male persons in the United States. This was important because it was the first step in equality for blacks. -
14th Amendment
The 14th Amendment to the Constitution made by Congress granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, which included former slaves recently freed. This was important because it still is the same way it is today. -
15th Amendment
The 15th Amendment to the Constitution was made by Congress and granted African American men the right to vote. This is an important part of equality that is still in affect today. It gave blacks the right to vote. -
Enforcement Acts
The Enforcement Acts were three bills passed by the United States Congress between 1870 and 1871. They were criminal codes which protected African-Americans' right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. These are important because they reassured the blacks at the time of their freedoms. -
Dawes Act
This act was introduced by Henry Dawes and broke up Native settlements into smaller pieces of land and sold the left over land. This is important because it stirred up controversy on the rights of Native Americans in the US.
