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Leif Erikson sailed to Baffin Island, Newfoundland and further south even. He created some small communities. L'Anse aux meadows was one of them. He fought some first peoples there.
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Christopher Columbus was trying to find a sea route to Asia, he was sponsored by the Spanish to do so. He actually landed in the Caribbean so he explored some of those coasts and islands. Went back home and went back to central America a year later.
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First Voyage - King Henry VII told John Cabot to sail out to discover goods that could be sold in England. He did and ended up in Newfoundland
Second voyage was unsuccessful -
Jacques Cartier made three trips to the new world. Started in 1534, when he made his first trip to Newfoundland, PEI and New Brunswick. He made contact with First peoples. In the next six years, he made his second and third trip.
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Donnaconna was the First Nations chief of Stadacona. He didn't like that Jacques Cartier "claimed" France. His two sons got kidnapped by Jacques Cartier. Donnaconna does not like Cartier. Donnaconna gets taken prisoner by Cartier, heads back to France and that's where Donnaconna dies.
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The Jesuits were missionaries that tried to convert the First Nations.
They lived among the First Nations, learning the language and culture.
They were founded in 1534 -
Scurvy is a disease caused by a Lack of vitamin C. When Cartier made his second trip to the New world, his men and him got Scurvy and 25 of them died.
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The Europeans needed to find a different route to Asia for trading. Sailing around Africa was too much of a hassle. Cabot was sent out to search; was not successful. Henry Hudson tries and thinks he succeeds, but it turns out to be the Hudson Bay.
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The Fur trade began as an exchange between the Indians and the Europeans. Indians traded fur for tools and goods.
Beaver fur was key.
The fur trade could be credited with opening up the land of North America and growing the economy of New France.
Also could be blamed for changing the ways of indigenous people of North America. -
Mercantilism is a belief that the worlds total amount of wealth is finite(gold). If a country exports more goods than it imports, it gains for wealth.
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Samuel de Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence and found a big rock formation and the site of Stadacona. There was no one there so he built his own settlement there which was called Quebec and eventually became Quebec city.
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King Louis XIV represented the Sovereign Council in New France. This group was made up of a group of officials.
Intendant
Governor
Bishop
5 councillors -
Pierre Radisson and Medard des Groseilliers were two coureurs du bois. They explored what is now Southern Ontario, looking for furs.
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in 1663 in New France, there was one women for every 6 men. The women were encouraged to find husbands. If they weren't married or widowed etc. then they were sponsored by the king. Women with 10 or more kids were given extra money called a 'baby bonus'.
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At this point in history, the Hudson Bay trading Company was formed.
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Britain and France fought from 1701-1713. France lost and was forced to sign the Treaty of Utretch
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The French wanted to protect the remains of their colonies and defend the St. Lawrence river. So, they began building a massive fort on Cape Breton Island.
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After France lost the war of Spanish succession, they were forced to sign the Treaty of Utrecht. The treaty meant they had surrendered the possession of:
Hudson Bay
Acadia
Newfoundland -
France and Britain went into war in Europe, Britain Americans tried to take over the French land. Two years later, the British got control of the French Fortress of Louisbourg and they also had the Ohio valley already. They were ready to attack the St. Lawrence River
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James Wolfe played a huge role in the siege and capture of Louisbourg. He sailed up the St. Lawrence River to capture Quebec. Died in 1759
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British forces attempted to capture Quebec from the French, General James Wolfe led. Defence of Quebec was put up by Louis-Joseph de Montcalm.
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Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War. French giving up Canada to the British.
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Fur traders went as far West as Lake Athabasca, so to save costs, they pooled their resources together and created the North West Company. This helped map Western Canada as they forced both companies further west.
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Pemmican is a nutritious food that the explorers relied on as their primary food source. It was an important part of the Native American Cuisine. Still prepared today.
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After having a hard time capturing Quebec, James Wolfe and his troops finally got in and found a spot to land. They made their landing at night. 4500 British troops were in formation and ready to battle. The French attempted to attack quickly but they failed and the British stayed strong. The French retreated
