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The Gnadenhutten Massacre
a group of militiamen from Pennsylvania killed 96 Christianized Delaware Indians, illustrating the growing contempt for native people. Captain David Williamson ordered the converted Delawares, who had been blamed for attacks on white settlements, to go to the cooper shop two at a time, where militiamen beat them to death with wooden mallets and hatchets. -
the creek war
In the South, the War of 1812 bled into the Mvskoke Creek War of 1813-1814, also known as the Red Stick War. An inter-tribal conflict among Creek Indian factions, the war also engaged U.S. militias, along with the British and Spanish, who backed the Indians to help keep Americans from encroaching on their interests. -
johnson vs mcintosh
is a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that held that private citizens could not purchase lands from Native Americans. -
INDIAN REMOVAL ACT
which forced numerous tribes to relocate from their ancestral lands east of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma), leading to the infamous "Trail of Tears -
worcester vs georgia
The court ruled that the federal government was the sole authority to deal with Native American nations, and that states did not have jurisdiction on reservations in Indian country. -
"act for the govenrnment and protection of indians"
was a California law passed in 1850 that allowed white settlers to control Native Americans. -
SIOUX TREATY
an agreement between the United States and the Sioux and Arapaho Nations that established the Great Sioux Reservation and promised the Sioux would own the Black Hills in perpetuity. -
Wounded Knee
Anti-Indian anger rose in the late 1880s as the Ghost Dance spiritual movement emerged, spreading to two dozen tribes across 16 states, and threatening efforts to culturally assimilate tribal peoples. -
DAWES ACT
authorized the federal government to break up tribal lands by partitioning them into individual plots. Only those Native Americans who accepted the individual allotments were allowed to become US citizens. -
INDIAN REORGANIZATION ACT
The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA), also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act, was a 1934 federal law that changed the relationship between the US government and American Indian tribes.