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Ivan Pavlov
Pavlov was famous for his discovery of classical conditioning. He conducted experiments with dogs and published it in 1897. Classical conditioning is a process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus (the sound of a bell) and an unconditioned stimulus (the taste of food). His theory contributed that teachers are able to apply classical conditioning in the class by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear. -
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John B. Watson
John B. Watson was a psychologist who played an important role in developing behaviorism. Watson believed that human behavior and animal behavior can be changed or conditioned based on the presence or absence of external stimuli. Watson is best known for taking his theory of behaviorism and applying it to child development. -
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Jean Piaget
Jean Piaget was known for his research on children's cognitive development that focused on how children develop intellectually throughout the course of childhood. The theory identifies four stages: sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operation stage. He explained how children gain knowledge and our reactions to their actions. In the classroom, teacher can help students approach a new idea through the lens of what they have already learned. -
The First School Museum
The first school museum was established in St. Louis in 1905. This museum became the first of many institutions established as learning environments to supplement teacher instruction. The institutions often featured portable museum exhibits and bear a functional resemblance to present day school district media centers. -
Stereoscope
The three dimensional devices, which were sold to schools featuring educational sets containing hundreds of 3D imagery images. -
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Visual Instruction Movement
Saettler (1990) has indicated in 20th century, most of the media housed in school museums were visual media, such as films, slides, and photographs. Thus, the increasing interest in using media in the school was referred to as the “Visual Instruction movement.” -
Instructional Films
The first catalog of instructional films was published in 1910. Later that year, the public school system of Rochester, NY, became the first to adopt films for regular instructional use. -
The Motion Picture
The motion picture passed through the stage of being a mere curiosity to a serious medium of expression, paralleling live theater. Its usefulness and influence on learning was explored. -
Radio
Radio entered the educational system in the early 1920s. In 1923, radio was first used in classroom teaching. Following a decision by the Radio Division of the U.S. Department of Commerce, many schools use radio in classrooms. -
Filmstrip Projectors
Filmstrip projectors were light, inexpensive, and easy to operate. They were used to create an audio-visual learning experience in the classroom. The projector added a visual component/aid that related to the subject being studied. Teachers could use the filmstrip projector to show images and whether the filmstrip was manual or automatic, the teacher had the opportunity to pause on an image to engage students in discussion -
Overhead Projectors
Overhead projectors were introduced into U.S. military training during World War II, and used at the U.S. Military Academy after the war. With technical improvements, government funds, advertising, and the experience of teachers combined to make these projectors a popular teaching aid -
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Media in World War II
The advent of World War II created many demands for a new skilled workforce. Media took a prominent place in educational and training systems attempting to fill such needs, and much research centered on the use of these media in teaching and learning situations. After the war, the increase in the birth rate and public school enrollment forced a re-evaluation of the older and slower approaches to education. Media were employed to upgrade the curriculum of the public schools. -
Mimeograph
It was a stencil machine combined with an ink roller. The mimeograph relied on a master page, often made of wax, that had elements stenciled out. The ink was then forced through the holes in the master page, producing high-quality copies. This approach also made it possible to create numerous copies on the fly for repeated use. It became popular among schools and churches in particular because of its relatively low cost and ease of use. -
Edgar Dale, Cone of Experience
Edgar Dale published Audiovisual Methods in Teaching. Dale introduced the "Cone of Experience," a visual representation of the various types of learning experiences. The Cone demonstrates a continuum of learning experiences from the most concrete to the more abstract. In his last edition of Audiovisual Methods in Teaching, published in 1969, he further developed the Cone by integrating Burner's (1966) three modes of learning: enactive, iconic, and symbolic experience. -
Teaching Machine
Behavioral psychology contributed to the educational technology field by introducing “teaching machines.” Skinner described the key characteristic of teaching machines and programmed instruction as the arrangement of materials so that the student could make correct responses and receive reinforcement when correct responses were made. -
B. F. Skinner, Programmed Instruction
B. F. Skinner's published an article titled “The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching” suggested that programmed instructional materials, should include small steps, frequent questions, and immediate feedback; and should allow self-pacing. This type of instruction is based on theories of "operant conditioning". -
Benjamin Bloom, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Benjamin Bloom develops the “Taxonomy of Educational Objectives” identifying principal domains of learning. Today, the output of this work is referred to as "Bloom's Taxonomy". -
Rober Glaser, Criterion-Reference Measures
Rober Glaser first used the term "criterion-reference measures". He indicated that they could be used to assess student entry-level behavior and to determine the extent to which students had acquired the behaviors an instructional program was designed to teach. -
Educational Television
Television was an instructional tool with its own in-house educational systems. . Students learned from shows on television. The first large-scale instructional television programs for credit by organizing an institution through which students could obtain a degree by taking only television courses. -
Robert Mager, Behavioral Objectives
Robert Mager wrote Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction. The book describes how to write objectives that include a description of desired learner behaviors, the conditions under which the behaviors are to be performed, and the standards by which the behaviors are to be judged. -
The Handheld Calculator
An electronic calculator is typically a portable electronic device used to perform calculations, ranging from basic arithmetic to complex mathematics. It was used to compute basic mathematical operations such as multiplication, long division, and addition. -
Robert Gagne, The Conditions of Learning
Robert Gagne described three domains of learning outcomes (cognitive, affective, psychomotor), five learning outcomes (Verbal Information, Intellectual Skills, Cognitive Strategy, Attitude, Motor Skills), and nine events of instruction in research called “The Conditions of Learning”. -
Establishment of AECT
The National Education Association (NEA) establishes the Division of Visual Instruction (DVI) in 1923 as school administrators become interested in the use of new media. In 1970, the association had a new name, Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), which is an international association representing professionals in a broad range of occupations who have an interest in improving learning through the use of media and technology. -
Personal Computer
A personal computer is multi-purpose. Its size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. It was used as a learning instrument as well as to compute assignments and eventually replaced typewriters. -
The CD-Rom
The CD-Rom has created a way to store information so that it could be played back later and initially proposed digital preservation using photosensitive film. It also changed how the information was stored in classrooms. -
David Merrill, Component Display Theory (CDT)
David Merrill developed Component Display Theory (CDT), which explains the assumptions about cognition. Merrill claims that associative and algorithmic memory structures are directly related to the performance components of Remember and Use/Find respectively. Associative memory is a hierarchial network structure; algorithmic memory consists of schema or rules. -
Computer Based Training (CBT)
The early CBT programs were little more than programmed instruction teaching machines. It was not until the 1990s that their multimedia capabilities were put to full use. It is based on individualized instruction that allows a learner to work through the material at her own pace. It is a natural progression from printed individualized instruction and teaching machines to the computer with its speed, branching capability and visual display. -
Interactive Whiteboard
The first interactive whiteboard was invented by Xerox PARC in 1990. People could connect their computers to the board, at the same time, they can maintain regular whiteboard capabilities. -
Wikipedia
The Wikipedia site allowed everyday people to create content and add information visible for others to see on a platform. Users can track edits, roll back versions, and monitor contributions. -
Google
Google has revolutionized access to information and changed the way people think of research and assimilating data. -
E-learning
E-learning had been in use as a term for some time by 1999. Conventional and distance colleges and universities were adopting e-learning programs to offer learners a new way for learning. E-learning set the framework for the next decade in terms of technology, standards, and approaches—a period that represents, in some respects, the golden age of e-learning. -
Youtube
YouTube was founded in 2005, it provides a platform for creators to produce videos on their own. People could watch videos easily for learning or entertaining. -
MOOC
Massive open online course (MOOC) is a learning platform for online teaching to any learners. The courses were open to anyone and had no formal assessment.