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Period: 20 to 20
Capitalism and social transitions
The social ramifications of the rise of export economies were enormous. The acceleration of exporting economies and related trade fostered a trend towards urbanization. The period was one of general population growth in much of Latin America, most dramatically in the temperate and staple-producing zones of South America. -
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The Independence Of Latin America
After three centuries of colonial rule, independence suddenly came to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America, except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico, escaped from the hands of the Iberian powers that had ruled the region since the conquest. The speed and timing of that dramatic change were the result of a combination of protracted tensions in colonial rule and a series of external events. -
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The Wars of Independence, 1808-26
The final victory of the Latin American patriots over Spain and the declining loyalist factions began in 1808 with the political crisis in Spain. With the Spanish king and his son Ferdinand taken hostage by Napoleon, the Creoles and the Peninsulares began to compete for power in Spanish America. During 1808–10 they arose together to govern in the name of Fernando VII. -
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Spanish america The southern movement in South America
The movements that liberated Spanish from South America emerged from opposite ends of the continent. From the north came the movement led by Simón Bolívar, a dynamic figure known as the Liberator. From the south came another powerful force, this one led by the more circumspect José de San Martín. After difficult conquests of their home regions, the two movements spread the cause of independence throughout other territories, eventually meeting on the central Pacific coast. -
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The north and the culmination of independence
The independence movements in the northern regions of Spanish South America got off to an unfavorable start in 1806. The small group of foreign volunteers that the Venezuelan Revolutionary Francisco de Miranda brought to his homeland failed to incite the population to rise up against Spanish rule. The Creoles of the region wanted an expansion of free trade that benefited their plantation economy. -
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Mexico and Central America
The independence of Mexico, like that of Peru, the other major central area of the American empire from Spain, came late. As in Lima, Mexican cities had a powerful segment of peninsular Creoles and Spaniards whom the old imperial system had served well. -
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Building New Nations, 1826-1850
Si bien Brasil mantuvo su integridad territorial después de la independencia, la antigua Hispanoamérica se dividió en más de una docena de países separados, siguiendo las divisiones administrativas del sistema colonial. Sin embargo, la dificultad para los habitantes de estas unidades no era tan simple como la demarcación de los límites geográficos. -
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The southern movement in South America
The movements that liberated Spanish from South America emerged from opposite ends of the continent. From the north came the movement led by Simón Bolívar, a dynamic figure known as the Liberator. From the south came another powerful force, this one led by the more circumspect José de San Martín. -
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The north and the culmination of independence
The independence movements in the northern regions of Spanish South America got off to an unfavorable start in 1806. The small group of foreign volunteers that the Venezuelan Revolutionary Francisco de Miranda brought to his homeland failed to incite the population to rise up against Spanish rule. -
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Political models and the search for authority
One of the most urgent and long-lasting problems faced by the leaders of Latin American nations in the decades after independence was the establishment of the legitimacy of their new government. -
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Disorder and caudillismo
However, the written constitutions were not enough to enforce order in the new countries of the region. Particularly in the period 1825-1850, Latin America experienced a high degree of political instability. -
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420 / 5000 Resultados de traducción Economic obstacles
Complicating the construction of stable constitutional governments in the decades after independence were the economic circumstances that prevailed in the period. Creoles who hoped that the dismantling of colonial restrictions on Latin American economies would produce a wave of new wealth had their hopes dashed in the 1820s. -
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Mobility and hierarchy
The Creole elites who had spearheaded the independence cause throughout Latin America had no intention of losing their social, economic and political power in the construction of new nations. Managing to solidify and even expand their influence after the removal of the colonial administration, these elites emerged as the great beneficiaries of independence. -
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Social institutions
Both as part of their ideological commitment to liberal individualism and as a means of increasing the power of their new states, leaders in the post-independence years sought to establish their control over the formidable colonial institutions of the Roman Catholic Church and the military. . -
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Political and economic transitions, 1850-1870
The first decades of the second half of the 19th century represented the beginning of a fundamental change in the still young nations of Latin America. At the center of this transition was a growing orientation of the region's economies toward world markets. -
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The liberal oligarchic era, 1870-1910
The order that took shape in the last decades of the 19th century is often termed neocolonial, as a way of suggesting that the internal and external structures that characterize the region maintained general similarities to those of the period of Iberian colonial rule. -
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Export economies
In the mid-nineteenth century, many Latin American interests had doubts about the advisability of opening their economies to the world. In countries like Peru and Colombia, artisans and other producers, as well as some merchants, persuaded their governments to establish barriers to entry from foreign competition. However, in the 1860s and 70s, such protectionism was swept away by a wave of free trade deliberalism. -
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Capitalism and social transitions
The social ramifications of the rise of export economies were enormous. The acceleration of exporting economies and related trade fostered a trend towards urbanization. The period was one of general population growth in much of Latin America, most dramatically in the temperate and staple-producing zones of South America. -
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.Export economies
In the mid-nineteenth century, many Latin American interests had doubts about the advisability of opening their economies to the world. In countries like Peru and Colombia, artisans and other producers, as well as some merchants, persuaded their governments to establish barriers to entry from foreign competition. However, in the 1860s and 70s, such protectionism was swept away by a wave of free trade deliberalism. -
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Oligarchies in power
Along with the export economies came political transitions. The increased income provided by burgeoning trade enabled elites to consolidate more orderly political systems in some countries. -
Latin America Independence process timeline
