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711
Battle of Guadalete
A Muslim force consisting of Arabs and Berbers of about 7,000 soldiers under general Tariq ibn Ziyad, loyal to the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, enters the Iberian peninsula from North Africa. At the Battle of Guadalete, Tariq ibn Ziyad defeats Visigothic king Roderic. -
Period: 711 to 717
Córdoba becomes the capital of Muslim Al-Andalus.
The governor, al-Ḥurr, moved the capital of al-Andalus to Cordoba, the former Visigothic capital, and moved into the former palace of the Visigothic king, known in Arabic sources as the Balāt al-Lūdriq. -
756
Abd ar-Rahman I proclaims himself Emir of Córdoba.
Abd al-Rahman I, a prince of the deposed Umayyad royal family, refused to recognize the authority of the Abbasid Caliphate and became an independent emir of Córdoba. He had been on the run for six years after the Umayyads had lost the position of caliph in Damascus in 750 to the Abbasids. -
852
Death of Abd al-Rahman II
Abd ar-Rahman II was the fourth Umayyad Emir of Córdoba in al-Andalus from 822 until his death. Muhammad I became Emir of Córdoba. -
919
The Muslims again attack the city of San Esteban de Gormaz at the Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz
Pope John X recognizes the orthodoxy and legitimacy of the Visigothic Liturgy maintained in the Mozarabic rite. -
Sep 14, 1102
The followers of El Cid leave Valencia and the Muslims occupy the Peninsula as far as Zaragoza; Battle of Mollerussa near Lleida on 14 September.
Main Muslim mosque in Toledo converted to a church, Muslim population is sparse. Christians evacuate Valencia in April–May. Almoravid (Mazdali, presumably ibn Tilankan; Muhammad ibn Fatima) occupy the city. Of the Taifa states only Zaragoza, Majorca, and Albarracin remain independent. -
1179
Castile and Aragon agree on future partition of Al-Andalus.
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1245
Having had time to secretly regroup his forces Al-Azraq breaks the treaty that he had signed in 1245 and leads a revolt in Valencia.
The Muslim rebels in Valencia retreat into the territory controlled by the Mudéjar lord Al-Azraq who holds 8 castles in the Alcalá valley. They seize more castles and continue a successful guerrilla war. -
Period: 1250 to 1350
Papal Inquisition in Italy
Inquisition against heresy in Italy was a partnership between the papal inquisitor, usually a Dominican or Franciscan friar, the local bishop and the civic authority; and it is generally considered that the inquisitor was the leading figure, from the mid thirteenth century onwards. -
1357
Nicolas Eymeric compiles his manual of instruction for inquisitors, the Directorium Inquisitorum
Nicholas Eymerich was a Roman Catholic theologian in Medieval Spain and Inquisitor General of the Inquisition in the Crown of Aragon in the later half of the 14th century. He is best known for authoring the Directorium Inquisitorum, which mostly summarized previous texts and mores. -
1391
Massacres of Jews across Spain; thousands forced to convert to Christianity
The Massacre of 1391, also known as the pogroms of 1391, was a display of antisemitism and violence against Jews in Castile and Aragon. It was one of the Middle Ages' worst antisemitic outbreaks. Jews in the Iberian Peninsula at this time were generally disliked, and violence against them was common even until the 15th century. The year 1391, however, marked a peak of anti-Jewish violence. Facing death, many Jews converted en masse to Christianism from 1391 on. -
1478
Pope Sixtus IV authorizes the Spanish Inquisition at the request of Ferdinand and Isabella, the "Catholic Monarchs" of Spain
Pope Sixtus IV issued a papal bull, or decree, authorizing the Catholic Monarchs to name inquisitors in order to enforce religious uniformity and to expel Jews from Spain. -
1481
First auto de fe in Sevilla
The autos-da-fé (Portuguese for “acts of faith”) were public ceremonies during which sentences against the condemned were read. The first Iberian auto-da-fé took place in Seville in 1481: the six accused were found guilty and executed. Later, Franciscan missionaries brought the Inquisition to the New World. -
1491
Treaty of Granada
It outlines the terms of the upcoming surrender, which guaranteed religious freedom and the retention of property for the Muslim occupants of the captured territory. -
1492
Decree of Alhambra
It was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practicing Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon. -
1492
Granada surrenders to the Castilian-Aragonese forces.
Abu 'abd Allah Muhammad XII, Emir of Granada, relinquishes the last Muslim-controlled city in the Iberian Peninsula to the expanding Crown of Castile, and signs the Treaty of Granada. -
Jan 2, 1492
The Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, take over Granada.
The Catholic Monarchs had to concentrate all their military resources and call on the enthusiastic support of their Castilian subjects to conquer the kingdom in a long and arduous campaign, which ended with the capture of Granada, the capital, in 1492. -
1496
All Muslims (and Jews) in Portugal were expelled from Portugal.
This caused the kingdom to turn exclusively Christian. There are no exact records, but estimates place the number of Jews at the time between 20,000 and 100,000, and the Muslim community is thought to have been considerably smaller. -
1517
Martin Luther nails his "Ninety-Five Theses" on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg; Reformation begins
On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted his Ninety-five Theses against papal indulgences, or the atonement of sins through monetary payment, on the door of the church at Wittenberg, Germany. -
1525
Muslims in the Crown of Aragon are forced to convert to Christianity
This being a concession to the old-Christian guilds or Germanías which had revolted a few years earlier.