ISLAM

Muhammand was born

570

He was raised by his uncle (rich merchant)

Hijra

622

Muhammaad had to scape from Mecca to Medina(beginning of Muslim calendar)

Muhammad conquered Mecca

630

The prophet converted the people of Medina to the new religion and, with their help, attacked Mecca

First four caliphs

632

632-661
After Muhammad's death, the Orthodox Caliphate was reached, in which four caliphs succeeded one another: Abu Bakr, Umar, Utman and Ali. It is in this caliphate when the Muslim empire leaves Arabia to spread mainly through Syria, Iraq and Egypt.

Muhammad died

632

After a short illness Muhammad died in the city of Medina at the age of 63.

Ummayyad dynasty

661

661-750
Capital in Damascus (Syria)
Conquest of North of Africa, Iberian Peninsula (711) and rest of Persia.

Islamic conquer the Iberian Peninsula

711

The weaknees of the Visigoths allowed Islam to conquer Iberian peninsula, where they remained until 1492

Battle of Guadalete

711

Army of Berbers led by an Arab minority crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and defeated the Visigoths in the Battle of Guadalete, in which King Roderic died

More conquests of Islam

718

They conquered the Berber tribes in North Africa, took over most of the Iberian Peninsula and attacked the Frankish kingdom, where they were beaten in the Battle of Poitiers (732) and forced to retreat south of the Pyrenees.

Invading armies controlled most of the Peninsula

718

Visigothic nobles and clerics, along with a small part of the population, took refuge in the Cantabrian mountains

The dependent Emirate

718

718-756
After the military conquest, Al-Andalus became a province or emirate that was dependent on the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus.
The capital was established in Córdoba.

Abbasid dynasty

750

750-1258
- Defeated the Umayyads and took over the Caliphate
- Capital un Baghdad
-Al-Andalus, Egypt and Morocco, separated themselves from the
central power

The independent Emirate

756

756-929
The last member of the Umayyad family, Prince Abd al-Rahman, fled to Al-Andalus.
He broke away from the Baghdad Caliphate, declared himself an independent emir under the name of Abd al-Rahman I and founded the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba.

Caliphate of Córdoba

929

929-1031
Emirate of Córdoba faced numerous problems: internal rebellions, attacks by the Christian kingdoms (León, Navarre and Castile) and threats to maritime trade from North Africa.
The emir Abd al-Rahman III wanted to impose his authority he proclaimed himself caliph and established the Caliphate of Córdoba, a territory independent from the authority of Baghdad.

The taifa kingdoms

1031

1031-1248
- 1008, the Caliphate began to break up.
- 1031, Al-Andalus was divided into more than 25 independent kingdoms called taifas.

The Islamic Empire was taken over by the Turks

1453

They conquered Constantinople, the Byzantine capital. This event marks the end of the Middle Ages.

The Narsid Kingdom of Granada

1492

1248-1492
The only territory that survived the Christian advance of the 13th century was the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada.
In 1492 when Boabdil, the last ruler of Granada, surrendered to the Catholic Monarchs.