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Period: 504 to 604
Pope Gregory the Great
We called Gregorian Chant in honor of Pope Gregory the Great -
Period: 600 to 800
Gregorian chant
The Roman Catholic Church copiled its liturgical plainsongs.
Main characteristics of Gregooriant Chant: -It has a monophonic texture, without instrumental accompaniment -It uses modal scales and is in free time to help to comunicate the meaning of the text. -The text is in Latin with a religious theme. -It´s performed by male voices and alternates between a soloist and the choir, or between two choirs (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_RXBlknjWc) -
Period: 600 to 800
Styles of Gregorian Chant
Syllabic, one note per syllable. Neumatic, a small group of notes each syllable. Melismatic, a lot of notes per syllable. -
800
First rules of musical notation
The first symbols were called NEUMES and they were written on the top of the words to show the changes of the pitch.
A neumatic notational system was used, on a four-line stave -
800
Instrumental Music
Chordophones, aeroophones, membranophones and idiophones -
Period: 800 to 1500
Liturgical polyphony
In the 9th century, a second voice was added to plaisong and polyphony was born. Musical notation envolved a more precise system to write the rhythmic richness of the more complex polyphony. MUENSURAL NOTATION include the first symbols related to metre and assigned different note values depending on the duration of the note. -
Period: 800 to 1500
Medieval Liturgical Polyphony forms
ORGANUM, earliest form. The main voice was Gregorian Chant melody and a second voice was added.
DICANTUS, new voice was added that moved in contrary motion.
CONDUCTUS, new composition for two or more voices. Same rhythm and syllabic style. -
Period: 800 to
Secular vocal music
-The composer is known.
-Monophonic texture, with instrumental accompanimet
-Composed with modal scales and rhythmic modes.
-Composed to entertain, about secular or religiouss topics and in the vernacular
-Performed by misntrels in public spaces and in palaces. -
Period: 992 to 1050
Guido d'Arezzo
He was a teacher in the cathedral school in Arezzo. Guido gaves the name "Ut" to the note that we now call Do (the name changed in the 18th century) -
Period: 1098 to 1179
Hildegard von Bingen
She was a German nun, writer, scientist and composer. Hildegard composed a total of 78 liturgical pieces.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8gK0_PgIgY) -
1100
Carmina Burana
Famous collection of secular vocal music and the manuscript date back to the 12th and 13th centuries.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXFSK0ogeg4) -
1200
Cantigas de Santa María
There were written in songbooks from the reing of the King Alfonso X the Wise.
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WxfhCdIZQX8) -
1200
Goliards
The goliards were a group of clergy, generally young, who wrote satirical Latin poetry in the 12th and 13th centuries of the Middle Ages. -
1453
Renaissance textures
Renaissance music developed new textures for several parts, combining them in different ways.
-Imitative counterpoint, several melodic lines that start at different times.
-Homorhythmic homophony, several similar melodic lines that move simultaneously.
-Melody-dominated homophonic, a main melodic line that can be identified with harmonic accompainment. Musical textures
Imitative counterpoint -
1453
Religious vocal music
Three main forms:
-Motet, this form became the most important, religious and included more parts. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ro2JTnfmjzA)
-Mass, long composition with liturgical text. In Latin. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CJtRXzyWul8)
-Chorale, the most common form in the Protestant liturgy based on pre-existing melodies sung in the vernacular (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eo8_-Uo4Is8) -
1453
Secular vocal music (RENAISSANCE)
Italy; madrigal was the dominant form. (https://www.historyandheadlines.com/top-10-madrigal-composers-renaissance-era/)
England; songs ,1 voice+instrumental accompainment
France; chanson ,several voices+instrumental accompainment (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ze0a3b1j02w)
Spain; romance, villancico and ensalada -
1453
Instrumental forms RENAISSANCE
-Compositions based on vocal music, tiento
-Compositions with an improvisational feel, toccata
-Variations, diferencias -
Period: 1453 to
The Modern period and the Renaissance
The modern period started with the fall of the Bizantine Empire in1453 and ended with the French Revolution in 1789.
The Renaissance was an influential cultural movement that started in Italy and spread all over Europe during the 15th and 16th. History of ideas. THE RENAISSANCE -
Francescca Caccini
1587-1640
She was an important musician born in Florence.
As well as having a great voice, Francesca played the harp, the lute, and the harpsichord.
'La liberazione di Ruggiero dall'isola d'Alcina' -
Opera
What's opera?
Types:
-Opera Buffa, is a comic opera
-Opera Seria, is a dramatic opera
Parts of the opera:
-Instrumental parts; Overture, Interlude
-Vocal and instrumental parts; Recitative,Aria, Chorus -
Instrumental Forms
Fugue, What's it?
Suite, Bach Suite V, Baroque Cello
Sonata, Domenico Scarlatti - Baroque Sonatas
Concerto; concerto grosso and solo concerto, Baroque Music - Concerto #10 Allegro (Antonio Vivaldi) -
Religious vocal music BARROQUE
In this type of music, polycholarism became very important
Three different types:
-Cantata, is a vocal composition with an instrumental accompaniment, typically in several movements, often involving a choir.
-Oratorio, is a large musical composition for orchestra, choir, and soloists.
-Passion, musical setting of the suffering and Crucifixion of Christ, based either on biblical texts. -
Barroque dance and BALLET
Baroque dance evolved within the framework of court ballet, musical tragedy or opera-ballet. Call in its time the belle dance.
In France, COURT BALLET appeared. -
Period: to
The Baroque Orchestra
Basso continuo, texture of melody-dominated homophony, How to Play Basso Continuo?
Strings, Baroque String Instruments (Baroque Violin, Viola, Cello)
Wind, Baroque music festival - Concert in Triest
Percussion, Kettle Drums -
Period: to
The Baroque Period
Characteristics:
-It aimed to arouse emotions and make performances spectacular
-It used contrasting elements and overelaborate melodies
-It was based on the diatonic scales.
-It had an insistent mechanical rhythm
-The predominant texture was melody-dominated homophony Baroque music -
Antonio Vivaldi
1678-1741
He was a composer and a priest from Venice. Vivaldi was the violin teacher at the conservatory of the Orphanage of Pietà and he wrote operas.
The Four Seasons/Quattro Stagioni -
Johhan Sebastian Bach
1685-1750
Bach was the most famous of a large family of musicians. He was an excellent organist, harpsichord and conductor.
Music of Johan Sebastian Bach -
Instrumental Forms CLASSICISM
Sonata:
I. Sonata form ABA'
II. [Theme and variations AA1A2A3..].(https://study.com/academy/lesson/theme-variation-in-music-definition-form-examples.html)
III. Minuet ABA
IV. Rondo ABACA... -
Orchestra Classicism
It incorporated the clarinet, the French horn and the piano.
ORCHESTRA CONDUCTOR, What does the conductor do?
Concert halls were built. -
-
Classical Dance
[Ballet d'action]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m_9KA-BAgHU) by Jean-Georges Noverre. -
Opera in Classicism
Opera:
-BUFFA; It is an opera with a comic theme. It was developed in Naples in the first half of the 18th century. Use as the main character the shape of the bean.
-SERIA; is a Spanish musical term that refers to the noble and "serious" style of Italian opera that predominated in Europe approximately between the years 1720 and 1770. -
Period: to
Classical Period
Characteristics of Classical period:
-Balance, clear and bright
-Well-defined structures
-Melody
-Simple harmony
-Melody dominated homophony or Bass Alberti
Music in the Classical Period -
Period: to
Classical period in Spain
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Franz Joseph Haydn
1732-1809
He was an Austrian composer. He is known as the "father of the symphony" and the "father of the string quartet"
Best music of Haydn -
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1756-1791
He was a composer and pianist, teacher of Classicism, considered one of the most influential and prominent musicians in history.
Music of Mozart -
Ludwig van Beethoven
1770-1827
He was a composer, conductor and German pianist. His musical legacy covers, chronologically, from Classicism to the beginnings of Romanticism.
Sinfonía nº 3 -
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Symphonic Music Romantic Period
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Musical Nationalism Romantic Period
-Russia, Pyotr Ilyich and The Five
-Hungary, Béla Bartók. Ethnomusicology
-Spain, Isaac Albéniz and Enrique Granados -
Period: to
Romantic Period
-Tonal scales, tonality, and modality
-Freedom
-Virtuosity
-Melody and emotions
-Vocabulary, dynamics, and tempo
-Textures and harmonies
-Unity in the piece
Classical Music from the Romantic Period -
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Romantic dance and ballet
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJBAbKipjnQ)
Ballet is a musical composition, generally of orchestral nature, destined to be staged by means of this dance.
-La Sylphide, 1832.
-Coppélia,1815
-The Nutcraker,1892
-Swan Lake, 1875 -
Period: to
Erik Satie
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First movements
[First half of the 20th-century movements:
Impressionism
-Claude Debussy Expresionism
-Alban Berg Atonaity and twelve-tone technique
-Arnold Schonberg Neoclassicim
-Igor Stravinski -
Instruments of the 20th-century
Electrophones
-Theremin, is a monophonic instrument
-Ondes Martenot, is a monophonic instrument
-Synthesiser, is a polyphonic instrument
-Sampler, is a polyphonic instrument
Idiophones
-Vibraphone, is a pitched idiophone -
Period: to
The 20th-Century
The 20th-entury was a revolutionary part of the music in which it appeared lots of movements. Some general characteristics were:
-Novelty, experimentation and originality
-New musical lenguage
-Different ways of representing music
-New computerr resources Music from the early 1900's -
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Period: to
Sofia Gubaidulina
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Second Movements
After the 2nd World War, artist continued creating new movements:
Aleatoric music
-John Cage Music concrète
-Pierre Boulez Electronic music
-Karlheinz Stockhausen Electroacustic music
-Karlheinz Stockhausen Minimal music
-Steve Reich -
