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Period: 1453 to
Modern History
Is the third of the historical periods in which universal history is divided, between the 15th and 18th centuries. Its beginning can be set in the fall of Constantinople (1453) or the discovery of America (1492), and its ending can be placed in the French Revolution (1789) or at the end of the previous decade, after independence of the United States (1776). During this time, European powers began expanding their political, economic, and cultural influences all over the world. -
Period: to
Enclosure Acts
Due to a rise in grain prices the British Parliament passed the Enclosure Acts, a series of laws that put an end to the open field system and support landowners to take over common land and enclose their property. As it is seen, this process benefited the big landowners, who were able to produce more and increase their earnings.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0nM5DU4ADI (detailed explanation)
http://jpellegrino.com/teaching/enclosure.html (picture of the "enclosure" point) -
John Kay’s flying shuttle
This machine greatly accelerated weaving, by allowing the shuttle (a boat-shaped component with rollers for weaving) carrying the weft to be passed through the warp threads faster and over a greater width of cloth. The flying shuttle, which was invented by John Kay in 1733, significantly increased productivity.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNqHgY4TQwM -
Period: to
First Industrial Revolution (c. 1750 - 1880)
It was a process of economic, social and technological transformation that took place in Great Britain in the mid-18th century due to the political system in which the monarchy limited power had been controlled by Parliament, a population growth, an abundance of resources and raw maaterials, an extensive trasport network was introduced and a colonial empire which created a large market for exporting manufactured products.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLhNP0qp38Q (factors that triggered it). -
James Watt’s steam engine
Steam engines use steam power to generate continuous movement, which was applied in Industrial machinery (spinning and weaving), in agriculture (threshing machine), in mills, mines (remove water) and transport (rail and ships).
To obtained this continuous movement we need to burn coal so water is heated in a boiler. The resulting high-pressure steam fills the steam chamber and then pushes the piston, which produces movement.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fsXpaPSVasQ (How does it work?) -
Adam Smith publishes "The Wealth of Nations"
"The Wealth of Nations" touches upon topics as the division of labour, productivity, and free markets. Its result was a treaty which offer a practical application for reformed economic theory to replace the mercantilist and physiocratic economic theories that were becoming less relevant in the time of industrial progress and innovation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgK7LsWmWxI (why the state shouldn't control economy)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dl2XMz7LgQU (contents of the book) -
Invention of the power loom
The first power loom was designed by Edmund Cartwright's. It is a mechanized loom which increased dramatically fabric production and lowered its cost.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GoX_zx_rtEE (Edmund Cartwright's life until 1:25 and from then it tells how the power loom works).
https://www.historycrunch.com/power-loom-invention-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/ (this web page explains in more detail the fact). -
Estates-General meeting
Estates-General meeting was chaired by Louis XVI in May 1789 in Versailles to approve tax reform. It was made up of representatives of the three estates: clergy, nobility and representatives of the Third Estate. However, the they decided to leave the meeting when the privileged classes refused to allow them greater representation and insisted on one vote per estate rather than one per representative.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-estates-general-meeting-and-the-french-revolution.html -
Period: to
French Revolution
It was a revolutionary movement led by the bourgeoisie in France. Due to Enlightenment principles (defense of citizens rights, separation of powers, principles of equality...) and the American Revolution they thought of new ideas to help them confront absolutism and the stratified estate system of society.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTTvKwCylFY (from 0:40 it summarizes the phases of the revolution). -
Period: to
Constitutional monarchy
It was the first phase of the French Revolution led by the moderate bourgeoisie, who aspired to abolish the Ancien Régime, elect a parliament by selective suffrage (only male French citizens with a certain level of wealth could vote) and establish a constitution (moderate liberalism). -
Period: to
Contemporary History
It is called the historical period between the French Revolution (1789) and today. It is a time characterized by revolutions and by great artistic, demographic, social, political, technological and economic transformations. -
Tennis Court Oath
Also known in French as Jeu de Paume, was the pavilion in Versailles were representatives of the Third Estate met and proclaimed themselves the National Assembly. They pledged to draft a constitution that reflected the will of the majority of French people. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jA6k5rD3mxw (explanation of the Estates-General meeting and the Tennis Court Oath) -
Storming of the Bastille
It was a violent attack on the government by the people of France that took place in Paris on July 14, 1789. People of Paris supported the Assembly's proposals and stormed the Bastille because it was full of political prisoners and was a symbol of the king's absolute power. It also had stores of gunpowder that the revolutionaries needed for their weapons.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tiTXftPAB8g -
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
It was a written text that during the first phase of the French Revolution, recognised the rights, freedom and equality of all male citizens in law and taxation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVJfHjnOpv8 -
Women's March on Versailles
It was a women revolution that took place in Paris. They equipped with weapons and tools and marched to Versailles where the royal family lived. Women protested against the shortage of bread and demanded the king sign the decree abolishing manorialism. Because of those actions the king abandoned Versailles and moved to the Tuileries Palace in Paris.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNTxL5TDZTQ -
First French Constitution
A written document based on the separation of powers, national sovereignty and legal equality, though the king reserved the right of veto. Census suffrage, giving the vote to people with a certain level of wealth (like male French citizens over 25 years of age who pay taxes) was aldo introduced. -
Period: to
Social Republic
It was the second phase of the French Revolution driven by the radical bourgeoisie encouraged by the working classes. They proclaimed the Republic, imposed the Reign of Terror and began a transformation into a democratic and equal society with universal male suffrage and social laws. -
Period: to
Girondin Convention
It was a system formed of moderate people (Girondins) that controlled the Republic. A New Assembly, the National Convention, was elected by universal male suffrage. During this period the execution of king Louis XVI and Queen Antoinette led to the formation of an absolutist coalition in Europe, counter-revolutionary revolts in the countryside and royalist plots by privileged classes. -
War of the First Coalition
In consequence of the execution of king Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette, monarchies in Europe formed an absolutist coalition against the constitutional Kingdom of France and then the French Republic that succeeded it.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRL-OdMgDa0 -
Storm of Tuileries Palace
It was a revolt of the common people (sans-culottes) due to the betrayal by the king and the military invasion. In this act they stormed Tuileries Palace and imprisioned the royal family. Then a Republic was declared and the second phase of the Revolution began.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZuEKGuHzcI -
Period: to
Jacobin Convention
It was the most extreme phase of Social Republic led by the most radical sector of the bourgeoisie. Was enacted a new constitution that recognised popular sovereignty (universal male suffrage) and the right of social equality. The executive power was led by a Committee of Public Safety guided by Robespierre. To neutralizate the enemies a mass levy was organised and imposed of the Reign of Terror under the Law of Suspects. To satisfy sans-culottes social laws were introduced (Law of the Maximum). -
Execution of Louis XVI
The execution of Louis XVI by guillotine was a major event of the French Revolution that took place on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la Révolution in Paris. The National Convention had convicted the king of high treason in a near-unanimous vote, finally they condemned him to death by a simple majority.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWWl2H2CwXc (video)
https://www.history.co.uk/this-day-in-history/21-january/king-louis-xvi-executed (written explanation) -
Period: to
Reign of Terror
It was a period of violence introduced to stop conspirators that lasted almost a year during which the opponents of the Jacobins were executed.
https://www.britannica.com/video/213095/Top-questions-answers-Reign-of-Terror -
Period: to
Conservative Republic
It was the third phase of the French Revolution where the moderate bourgeosie took back the control. Jacobin laws were cancelled and exiles from Reign of Terror were encouraged to return. In 1795 a new Constitution granted executive power to a collegial government, the Directory, and restored census suffrage. -
Coup of 18th Brumaire
Social Republic was unstable due to the ooposition of aristocracy and common people. So on 9th November 1795, Napoleon organised this coup, Coup of 18th Brumaire, supported by a large part of the bourgeoisie, and this led to a period of authoritarian and autocratic rule. -
Period: to
The Consulate
It was a period of autocratic and authoritarian rule where Napoleon Bonaparte was named consul. Napoleon aspired to put an end to the politicial instability of the Revolution, consolidate some of the revolutionary principles and promote economic revory through a government that represented bourgeoisie interests.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cFbxVCMtjQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pd6E38FfuMg (more complete) -
Constitution of 1800
This written document of the new political system (The Consulate) didn't include the separation of powers or a declaration of rights. Liberties were very limited and public opinion was censured. The Constitution of 1800 organised the state into departments run by prefects. -
Period: to
The Napoleonic Empire
It was the First French Empire, ruled by Napoelon Bonaparte. He began his conquests of Europe in 1803 and then was crown emperor by the Pope. Thanks to his large army and new military tactics, they defeated most European monarchies (wacth video). In 1806 they won over Austria and Russia at Austerlizt. In 1811 France controlled most of Europe.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKN-NcyV4oI (video)
https://sites.google.com/site/napoleonbonapartewhs/f-napoleon-creates-an-empire (first picture) -
Napoleon crowned emperor
Napoleon was crowned emperor by the Pope in 1804 because due to his large army and the use of new military tactics he could defeat most European monarchies as Russia, Austria, Naples, the Kingdom of Holland, Prussia and the Duchy of Warsaw.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HxTNuGnYZWM (until 5:36) -
Treaty of Fontainebleau
It was a secret agreement between Napoleon and Charles IV. After the French armies defeated Spain, Manuel Godoy decided to change the strategy and made an alliance with Napoleon against England; so under this treaty, the French troops could pass through Spain to invade Portugal, an ally of the British.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2456l7eX1Fs (explanation of the Treaty of Fontainebleau until 1:00) -
Invasion of Spain and Joseph Bonaparte crowned king
In 1808, the French invaded Spain and Joseph Bonaparte, one of the emperor's brothers, was made king. But because of this, in 1812 there is a revolt in Spain against Joseph Bonaparte (it is one of the reasons of The Fall of Napoleon). -
Period: to
The War of Independence
This popular revolt which began in Madrid led to the outbreak of the War of Independence. This struggle was between afrancesados and patriots. It is divided into 3 phases: popular resistance in 1808, when the Battle of Bailén took place (Spanish troops stopped the French advance southwards); French offensive from 1808 to 1812, when Napoleon recovered the power of the country; and Anglo-Spanish victories (1812-14) when in the Battle of Los Arapiles the British troops defeated the French. -
Abdications of Bayonne
The abdications of Bayonne took place at the Marracq castle in the French city of Bayonne. There, Napoleon persuaded Charles IV and Ferdinand VII to give the Spanish crown to his brother Joseph Bonaparte. Although they were some liberals (afrancesados) that supported Joseph I as their king, patriots didn’t recognize the Abdications of Bayonne, they still supported Ferdinand VII.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9phd8FU6IA (This video also clarifies the Abdications of Bayonne from 2:00 to 2:47). -
Period: to
Luddite movement (c. 1811-1817)
Luddism was a movement led by English artisans in the 19th century, who protested against new machines that were responsible for low wages and unemployment. To defend their interests some workers formed their own associations; as the relief societies, which helped workers in the event of illness or unemployment.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xu-uTjk95fo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8UDKW9l2dw (from 1:01 to 2:47 explains what the Luddites did due to the innovations designed in this time) -
1812 Spanish Constitution
During the War of Independence, representatives of every provincial Junta met in Cádiz, and there they drafted the first Spanish Constitution, also known as “La Pepa” because it was approved on 19 March 1812 (the Feast of St. Joseph). It established the separation of powers, universal male suffrage, national sovereignty and recognised broad individual freedoms.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9phd8FU6IA (from 5:15 talks about the Spanish Constitution) -
Treaty of Valençay
The War of Independence ended with the Treaty of Valençay. It was an agreement signed in the castle of Valençay (France), by which Napoleon offered peace and recognized Fernando VII as King of Spain. He also promised to withdraw the French troops from Spain.
It was carried out because of the defeats suffered in that war and of the progressive deterioration of the French army.
Nonetheless, Cortes in Madrid didn’t accept the treaty; this is why it didn’t enter into force in Spain. -
Period: to
Reign of Ferdinand VII
Ferdinand VII wanted to re-establish an absolutist monarchy in Spain. However, the spread of liberal ideas during the War of
Independence made the restoration of absolutism difficult.
As a result of this struggle between liberals and absolutists his reign was divided into different phases: Six years of absolutism, the Liberal Triennium and the Ominous Decade.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TykKlRrDIZE (Even though the video is in Spanish, it explains quiet well the phases of Ferdinand's reign) -
Manifiesto de los Persas
It was a document ratified by Ferdinand VII and signed by 69 absolutist deputies , who supported Ferdinand as their king. This fact led to the phase: six-year phase of absolutism, where the king repealed the constitution of 1812 and the reforms proposed by the Cádiz Cortes. He established absolutism in Spain.
During this term, unsuccessful pronunciamientos took place demanding the reinstatement of the Constitution. Liberals were persecuted, executed or forced into exile. -
Period: to
The Restoration of absolutism
During The Restoration (1815-1848) the Congress of Vienna took place and after reinstating monarchs on their thrones, the four great powers (Russia, Britain, Prussia and Austria) reshaped the European map to their advantage, but without considering the peoples and their nationalist aspirations. France returned to its borders of 1792 and the Napoleonic Empire was divided among the victors. -
Battle of Waterloo
It was a battle that took place near Waterloo in Belgium. In this event the imperial armies were finally defeated by Great Britain and Prussia; was the end of the Napoleonic Empire. From this point forward, Napoleon abdicated and was sent into exile on the island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bj1aVW3LuVo (extra information) -
Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance Treaty
Between 1814 and 1815 the powers that defeated Napoleon organised the Congress of Vienna to stop the spread of liberal ideas and restore absolutism in Europe. The Congress of Vienna brought some consequences as the change of borders and political powers in Europe and the Holy Alliance Treaty (1815), which was an alliance between absolute monarchs that would unite against any threat of liberal revolution (Austria+Russia+Prussia).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cmaPv9GVf9c (redrawing of Europe). -
Pronunciamiento of Colonel Rafael del Riego
In Cabezas de San Juan (Seville, 1820) the pronunciamiento led by Colonel Rafael del Riego was successful, and because of it the king was forced to reinstate the Constitution of 1812. To defend the Constitution and oppose absolutism the National Militia, made up of armed liberal volunteers, was created.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6ZAoohJaG0 (from 0:51 until 2:22) -
Period: to
Greek War of Independence
Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire for centuries but they had to pay high taxes, were excluded from state administration jobs and they felt dominated by a group of people with a different religion and culture. Because of this Greeks declared independence in Epidaurus (1822). Thanks to European liberals (that supported the Greeks) the Greeks defeated the Ottoman Empire (1827) and Greece gained its independence in 1830). -
Holy Alliance intervention: Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
After the reinstatement of the Constitution, Ferdinand VII felt intimidated by the liberals and decided to appeal to the Holy Alliance (a coalition of European monarchs) to sent troops to
defend the absolutism in Spain. Fortunately for him, in 1823 they sent the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis, under the command of the Duke of Angoulême, that restored absolutism in the Spanish territory.
https://wikizero.com/index.php/en/Hundred_Thousand_Sons_of_Saint_Louis -
Abolishment of the Combination Acts (1824)
The English Combination Acts dind't allow workers to organize for the purpose of obtaining higher wages or asking for better work-place conditions. The Combination Acts were repealed in 1824 because of a campaign led by Francis Place and Joseph Hume.
The repeal was followed by a number of strikes, and in 1825 an unsuccessful attempt was made to reimpose the acts. -
Stephenson’s Steam locomotive
The steam locomotive used a steam engine to generate continuous motion of the wheels. This transport was able to carry more passengers and goods in less time and at a lower cost. The development of the new transport system led to the improvement of trade as it helped to create a large domestic market.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XR4OVtjE3JU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXBwzC4JYC0 (replica of an 1829 Stephenson's Rocke) -
Revolutions of 1830
As the Congress of Vienna didn't respect the liberal principles or the nationalist apirations of some European peoples, insurrections spread all over Europe. If they were successful, absolutism was replaced by liberal political systems governed by a constitution in which the bourgeoisie held power. However if they were unsuccessful, they returned to Absolutism. During the revolutionary wave of 1830 two main opposition forces appeared: nationalism and liberalism.
Video of "The Age of revolutions" -
Period: to
The Belgian Revolution
Belgium (catholic and liberal) was made part of the Kingdom of Holland (protestant and absolutist) by the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which then became the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The spread of liberal ideas helped the Belgian revolution, and Belgium became a liberal monarchy ruled by Leopold I. An armed conflict followed Belgium's declaration of independence. It finally ended when the Netherlands recognised Belgium's independence in 1839.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6vonIS9F3Y -
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The Age of the revolutions (1830-1848)
This period was marked by a lot of tensions in Europe. The plans of liberal nationalists led to a revolutionary wave of 1830 and in 1848 The Spring of Nations.
Also in 1821 took place the Greek war of independence, where the Greeks began a nationalist movement to be free from Ottoman Empire. The same happened to Belgium that wanted to separate from the Kingdom of Holland in 1830.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFYd1J6n2nw (timeline)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCxT4TTl-fY -
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Reign of Isabella II
The building of the liberal state began in Spain when Isabella II was a child; first with the regency of Maria Christina (1833-1840) and then with the Espartero (1840-1843), which ended because of his authoritarian ideas. It was institutionalised during the Moderate Decade and experienced a crisis that began in 1856.
During almost the entire reign of Isabella II' as an adult, Spain's Moderate Liberal Party, led General Narváez, remained in power.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1gjJjPdDMCE -
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First Carlist War
In a context of war between isabelinos and absolutists emerged the First Carlist War, which began in the Basque Country in 1833. Despite having experienced commanders, the Carlists were defeated by the Liberal army of General Espartero. Peace was signed at the Convention of Vergara in 1839.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WRswRoyDOT0 -
Zollverein
It is a customs union promoted by Prussia, through which, since 1834, the abolition of tariffs among the members of the German Confederation, except Austria, took place. -
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union (1834)
The Grand National Consolidated Trades Union was an attemp to form a national union confederation in the United Kingdom. Its first objectives were to defend the right of association, to improve wages, to regulate child labour and to reduce the working day. -
Period: to
German Unification process
Germany was divided into 36 states, associated with the
German Confederation. In 1834, Prussia created a customs union (Zollverein). In 1848, Germany's parliament offered its crown to the king of Prussia, who refused it. In 1861, Wilhelm I became king of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck chancellor (first moves towards a united Germany). The victory of Prussia over Denmark, Austria and France make the Germany's unification possible.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tq91I3TnWu4 -
1837 Constitution
In 1837, during the regency of Maria Christina was drafted a progressive Constitution. It recognised national sovereignty with census suffrage, the separation of powers and the two chambers (the Congress of Deputies and the Senate), and it granted many rights and individual liberties. -
1845 Constitution
While the Moderate Liberal Party of Narváez remained in power, the Cortes adopted a moderate Constitution (1845). It recognises limited civil liberties, highly restricted suffrage and sovereignty was shared between the Cortes and the Crown. State and municipal administration was reorganised, and only the Basque Country and Navarre held on to their statutory laws.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJu0bQdIoZU -
Revolutions of 1848
Revolutions of 1848 happened because people lived under the rule of an empire (Austrian, Rusian and Ottoman) or were fragmented into various states (Germany and Italy). Then a rise of liberalism and the expansion of nationalism led to the pursuit of independent nations free from the control of absolutist empires (Austrian Empire and France).
Same video of the timespan "The Age of revolutions". -
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French Second Republic
In The Spring of Nations due to the rise of liberalism and the expansion of nationalism there was a pursuit of independent nations free from the control of absolutist empires. In France, a popular uprising proclaimed the Second Republic, which adopted a number of democratic measures, such as universal male suffrage, press freedom, abolition of the death penalty and recognition of certain rights for workers.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXU0wQDO53U (from 2:16 to 3:30) -
Invention of the Bessemer converter
Thanks to the Bessemer converter people could mass-produce steel (an alloy of iron and carbon) from molten pig iron. As the steel's high tensile strength and low cost, buildings, tools, machines and ships were built with it.
https://www.britannica.com/technology/Bessemer-process#ref1277487 (development of the Bessemer process)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kSp5K70cYc (description of the converter)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTBkun-d2ZA (from 1:30 to 3:15 steps of the process) -
Period: to
Italian Unification process
Italy was divided into several states and Austria annexed Lombardy-Venetia. In 1859 the Kingdom of Piedmont, ruled by the liberal
monarchy of Savoy with Cavour as Prime Minister,
started the unification. They declared war on Austria and annexed Lombardy; at the same time a popular uprising took place in central and southern Italy. In 1861, Victor Manuel II of Savoy was proclaimed king, Austria left Venetia (1866), and in 1870, the Papal States were annexed by Italy (capital in Rome). -
First International (1864)
In order to achieve social emancipation (proletarian internationalism), marchists and anarchists advocated the need for workers to unite.
In this context the International Workingmen's Association was created in 1864 at the initiative of Karl Marx. But in 1876, due to the ideological differences between both movements, it split. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BK3SW6FgMB0 (The First International: dictatorship of the proletariat, differences between the anarchists and marxists and the split) -
Karl Marx publishes "Das Kapital" (1867)
"Das Kapital" is a foundational theoretical text written by Karl Marx. He tries to analyze the mechanism of a capitalist economy with the concepts of political economy. The worker sells his labor to the capitalist and receives a salary. The difference between the value of what you have created and your reward is capital gains.
As Marx did not live to publish the second and third parts, they were both completed from his notes and published after his death by his colleague Friedrich Engels.. -
Start of the monarchy of Amadeo I of Savoy
1869 Constitution established a parliamentary monarchy so Amadeo, whose family contributed to the unification of Italy, was chosen to take the throne. Unfortunately, a few days before his arrival, his main supporter, General Prim, was assassinated. He was supported by progressives, unionists and democrats but he had strong opponents, such as republicans or moderates and some representatives of the Church. His goverment introduced new measures to help economic recovery and democratisation process -
Proclamation of the First Spanish Republic
After Amadeo I abdication , the Cortes voted to form a republic, but this wasn't possible because deputies were monarchists. Lower social classes were happy while the republicans prepared a programme of social and economic reforms. In 1873 the elections were won by the federal republicans and the Cortes drafted a federal constitution that divided the legislative powers between the central government and federal republics (never took into effect).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PgxT79nJn7E -
Period: to
Reign of Alfonso XII
The restoration of the Bourbon monarchy began when General Martinez Campos proclaimed Alfonso XII king of Spain; and then the Canovist System was adopted. This political system, led by Cánovas del Castillo, allowed political parties (Conservative Party led by Cánovas and Liberal Party by Sagasta) to alternate in power and promised political and social stability. For the same reason the constitution of 1876 was drafted. The 2 parties alternated in power using a system called the turno pacífico. -
Second International (1889)
The Second International was founded at a congress in Paris in 1889 by the Marxists. Unlike the First International, it was based on the membership of national parties and trade unions only. It established some identity symbols of the labour movement, such as the anthem "The Internationale" and the 1 May holiday (International Workers' day).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PPExpmtdMEw (the anthem "The Internationale")
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEytuCpDuZQ (Second International explanation)
