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Period: 504 to 604
Gregory the Great
We call Gregorian chant in honour of Gregory the Great -
Period: 600 to 800
Gregorian chant
Roman Catholic Church compiled liturgical plainsongs
Characteristics:
Monophonic texture,without instrumental accompaniment.
Modal scales and in free time.
Text in Latin with a religious theme.
Its performed by male voices and alternates between a soloist and the choir
Write it down
First symbols were called neumes and they were written on top of teh words to show the changes of pitch.
Neumatic notational system was used,on a four-line stave https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lfwuZaf6WXw -
800
Liturgical polyphony
A second voice was added to plainsong and polyphony was born.
The main medieval liturgical polyphonic forms were:
Organum:earliest form.The main voice was a Gregorian melody and a second,parallel voice was added.
Discantus:a new voice was added to the Gregorian melody that moved in contrary motion.
Conductus:new composition for two to four voices.Same text and same rhythm in the syllabic style. -
800
Secular music
Main characteristics:
Monophonic texture,with instrumental accompaniment
Modal scales and rhythmic modes
Designed for fun or entertainment
Written on the local language
Performed by male and female voices Musicians who playued secular music were called minstrels:
Performed in village or city squares and enternained the common people.
Court minstrels were part of the court in palaces. -
Period: 992 to 1050
Guido d´Arezzo
Was a teacher in the cathedral school in Arezzo,Italy.As well as inventing the Guidonian hand, he created the four-line stave and gave the notes the names that we still use today -
Period: 1098 to 1179
Hildegard von Bingen
German nun,writer,scientist and composer.From an early age,she experienced mystic visions and she said that these visions were accompanied by music.She composed a total 78 liturgical pieces of music for her congregation. -
1200
Musical notation
Musical notation was also envolving,because a more precise system was needed.Mensural notation started to be use in the 13 th century.this included the first symbols related to metre and assigned different note values depemding on the duration of the note -
Period: 1400 to 1500
Secular vocal music
Madrigal:in Italy
songs in england
chanson in french
villancico,romance and ensalada in spain -
Period: 1400 to 1500
Instrumental music
Instruments prohibited
Polyphonic instruments were more popular
Instumental forms
Compositions based on vocal music
Compositions with an improvisational feel
Variations -
Period: 1483 to 1546
Martin luther
Protestan reformation in his country.
He created a repertorie of simplest melodies in the vernacular -
Period: 1544 to
Maddalena Casulana
First woman to publish her compositions in the history of western music -
Period: 1548 to
Tomás luis de Victoria
Spanish composer
Born in Avila
At 19 he travelled to Rome to complete his musical training. -
Period: to
Baroque music
start-appereance of opera
end-death of bach
Characteristics
Arouse emotions
Contrasting elements
Diatonic scales
Mechanical rhythm
Melody-dominated homophony -
Basso continuo
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Instrumental forms
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Baroque dance and ballet
Some Renaissance dances remained,new ones appeared
Chaconne appeared in Spain
Court ballet appeared in France -
Instrumental music
Became important in the baroque period
Thanks to technical developments in instruments
First virtuosos appeared Instruments
Chordophones:violin,viola,cello,double bass
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBrWiIB4ozs
Aerophones
flute,oboe,bassoon,trumpet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y-v9rTe6iXk
Membranophones
Kettledrums
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLAx3lgi49I -
Religious vocal music
Was still very important in the baroque period
Forms from the past stll used
Polychoralism appear
New religious vocal music appear:
Cantata:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qI3CFEs8Mc0
Oratorio:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98UjjwzJBFE
Passion:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P21qlB0K-Bs -
Vocal music
Opera:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cQa6vXNSPI0
Types:
A libretto:contains the text of an opera Seria:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0evKSG3-SI Buffa:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqefo_41mvE Parts of opera
https://www.google.com/search?biw=1366&bih=626&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=gYNEXNPVAYXPgwfP2b3oBQ&q=foto+partes+de+la+opera&oq=foto+partes+de+la+opera&gs_l=img.3...15037.24474..24842...0.0..2.136.3156.47j3......0....1..gws-wiz-img.....0..0i67j0j0i30j0i8i30j0i24.354FJGwAmg0#imgrc=vEM7RFnY0TEO7M: -
Period: to
Instrumental music (orchestra)
The considerable increase in the number of musicians meant that an orchestra conductor was needed,to cordinate evrybodies work performance
Cocert halls were built to suit the new orchestra ensemble -
Period: to
Vocal music
The reform of the opera
Plots were a reflection of the lives of the audience
The music reflect the characters
The chorus became more relevant
The orchestra became more important Types
Opera seria.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svLGvg-cLhg
Opera buffa:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWBzP9Fuzf4
Religious vocal music:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zi8vJ_lMxQI -
Period: to
Music in Classical period
Composers
Ludwig van Beethoven:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFeRTANr_sw&t=16s
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x8N7mFboGnc&t=16s
Franz Joseph Haydn:https://www.youtube.catch?v=55XgmvOIGCMom/w Characteristics
Its balanced, clear and bright
It aimed to find a musical language
It used musical forms with well-defined structures
It emphasied the melody
The use of a simple harmony
The use of melody-dominated homophony -
Period: to
Classical period in Spain
Concided with the englithment
Crisostomo de arriaga:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbkILM0x_z4
Fernando Sor:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rspxXfpLWTc
Luigi Boccherini.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dmWAve3Pvk
Vicente Martin y Soler:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v7Y5zGbwPUg -
Period: to
Instrumental music
New instruments appear
Clarinet:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l3EJqvKhYzY
French horn:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QSzURrJQAD8
Piano:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fNU-XAZjhzA
Instrumental forms
Most used was the sonata:https://www.google.com/search?q=sonata+form&safe=strict&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR1dearMPgAhWjD2MBHVlNAPkQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=ikmBbJQ-avL06M:
Names of ensemble
Sonata:one
Trio,quartet,quintet
Symphony:orchestra
Concerto:soloist and the orchestra -
Period: to
Frederic Chopin
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Period: to
Clara Schumann
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Period: to
Music in the romantic period
Characteristics:
Free
Express emotions
Aiming for virtuosity
Important melody
Wider vocabulary
Melody-dominated homophony
Small musical forms
Aiming for unity in the piece of music
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSR4vkskCyk -
Period: to
Instrumental music (Romantic period compositions)
Compositions for piano:
Short pieces for solo piano:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWpHS7t4IkM
Chamber music:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yW9LlaBxtJQ
Longer works:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hga9MGCpJXk -
Period: to
Symphonic music (instrumental music)
Symponhy orchestra:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rOjHhS5MtvA
Symphony concerto:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=breQHJnnSb8
Programme music:programme music
Programme symphony:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ewoAW-Zyuj8
Symphonic poem:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=budSyYjt5cw -
Period: to
Vocal music (opera)
Italy:
bel canto:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPpPFCiVsXo
verismo:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wB8xg4v7oyI&list=PL4C3AF044BFC8E626
France:
Grand opera:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47Og7nQtWag
Operetta:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8A3zetSuYRg&list=PLDe-YyDZGfy4MhpzjJbX1LnZx1OqJuWty
Germany:
Leitmotiv:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRU1AJsXN1g -
Period: to
Vocal music(zarzuela and lied)
Zarzuela
Zarzuela grande:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kbylv1dpt_0
Genero chico:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2brCtPE1ZEk
Lied:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GifxekQOX-U -
Period: to
Musical nationalism
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Period: to
Romantic dance and ballet
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20 th century music
Pursuing novelty,experimentation,originality
Searching for a new musical language
Exploring different ways of representing music
Using new computer and instrumental resources
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--leBaulER4 -
20 th century instruments
Theremin:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6KbEnGnymk
ondes Martenot:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v0aflcF0-ys
syntheiser:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvDfHhuFF5w
sampler:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uaGYpHA2bB8
vibraphone:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSEvGWEslUk -
impressionism
Musical atmospheres inspired by nature or unusual things
Scales tht evoked oriental music
Imprecise melodic lines and a free,irregular rhythm
Timbres of different instruments overlapping,forming a collage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eYOeH-EF00s -
Expressionism
It used a very strong rhythm
compositions designed for small chamber ensembles
It includes some dissonances that create constant tension
It used atonality and twelve tone thechnique
In some compositions the melodic line was lost in favour of a recitative singing called Sprechgesang
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNCIz-_QFrs -
Atonality and twelve tone technique
Atonality:use of non tonal music that was full of dissonances that generated tension
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s14B9lWBtz8
Twelve tone technique:give the same importance to the twelve notes in the scale
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LWXCD8I10Y -
neoclassicism
It aimed for a return to Classical ashtethics,but with harmonic dissonances and irregular rhythm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mDVlsm8MY-U&list=PLdlC-iBUEBQiIMtz14-gtyT7TzET_RitS -
20 th century ballet and contemporany dances
Ballet russes:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npOtvPK4_A8
Contemporany dances:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qSIddQNyYVE -
Period: to
20 th century music in Spain
Manuel de falla:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMALVK_I8hE
Generación del 27, Joaquin rodrigo:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ye-FvKCZp3s
Generacion del 51,Luis de Pablo:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ys5a0aq4Gh4 -
Important musicians
Erik satie:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pyhBJzuixM
Sofia Gubaidulina:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8JVSYj-qV8 -
Musique concrete
Used sounds from their surroundings and modified with the latest technology
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4ea0sBrw6M -
Minimal music
Create simple and direct music
Brought back tonality and it used simple structures ,clear textures and melodies and short constantly musical phrases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZXJWO2FQ16c -
Aleatoric music
Was based on chance and the ability of the composert to improvise
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_ik4VMcLkA -
Electronic and electrocaoustic music
electronic:only used sounds generated electronically by synthesiser
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=264HLeQIUv4
electrocaoustic:it combine musique concrete with sounds make electronically
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1Psx24n3rM&list=PLY5BIVw57Ny94SJUwpzryZPPbylngUFCT