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Frederick Halsey
Halsey believed the best way to achieve efficiency was to provide financial rewards for increased output. He believed this would help increase productivity and result in better pay for workers. In his book "Premium Plan" Halsey talked mostly about setting a standard in terms of the time each task performed should be complete. Halsey set forth some of the first incentive plans for labor workers.This idea was adapted by many factories first in Germany and later coming to America (Witzel, pg. 84). -
Frederick W. Taylor
Frederick Taylor is most associated with defining the techniques of scientific management. He thought that simplifying tasks and creating pay systems to reward hard work was favorable, through incentives such as bonuses or profit sharing(2006). -
Administrative Management Theory
Developed by Max Weber, administrative management theory is the study of how to create an organizational structure and how to control systems that lead to high efficiency and effectiveness (Jones, pg 45). -
Theory of Bureaucracy
Max Weber developed the prinicples of bureaucracy, a system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. Weber developed five principles to help define organization even further (Jones, pg. 45). -
Louis Brandeis
Louis represented a group of businessmen in a lawsuit that greatly influenced the spread of scientific management. He argued against increases in shipping rate in eastern railways, and that if the companies did not adopt scientific management they would be wasting time and money. He went on to become a Judge who fought many big businesses to promote scientific management (witzel, pg. 89). -
Model T
Henry Ford mastered the assembly line. One of the first practical uses of sceintific management, which helped lower the cost of the Ford Model T, by specializing the skills of the employees. (Pearson, 2006). -
Mary Parker Follett
Mary Parker Follett's book Creative Experience came out and was one of her most established books. She argued that workers know the most about their jobs and therefore should be involved in job analysis and work development processes. Follett also advocates that coordination should be handled directly by the responsible managers, not managers who are indirectly related to workers. Lastly, Follett supported "cross-functioning," where members of different departments worked together (Jones, 2006. -
Henri Fayol
The CEO of Comambault Mining, Fayol identified 14 principles of management that are believed to increase the efficiency of the management process. A few of these 14 principles are division of labor, line of authority, initiative, and discipline. Even today most of the 14 principles Fayol set forth are still practiced Jones, pg. 48). -
The Hawthorne Studies
A large part of the original study was to determine if lighting or illumination would affect work performance. This was shown that lighting really had no affect on work performance. Later the study moved to focus on how manager's behavior or approach to leadership can affect workers performance levels. Along with how employees viewed there manager or leaders, and if this helped performance as well (Jones, pg. 52). -
The Toyota System
The founder of the Toyota Motor Company, Toyoda Kiichiro, developed 'lean production and continuous improvement'. This was developed by Toyota practicing precision work and avoidance of waste. They stood for 'zero defects' and inspired the labors with a large banner that read 'just in time' as part of the company's work philosophy (Witzel, pg. 201). -
Fair Labor Standards Act
This act set forth regulations on employees working 40 hour work weeks and having specific break times. This also set rules as to limiting child labor to specific hours along with preventing employers from discriminating against age or sex. This act helpes give incentive to employees from a management point of view as well with minnimum wage laws (USDL, 1978). -
Contingency Theory
Developed by Tom Burns, G. M. Stalker, Paul Lawrence, and Jay Lorsch, the theory states that there is no one best way to be organized. The theory is founded on managers controlling and organizing based on an external environment in which organization operates (Jones, pg 57). -
Theory Y
Theory Y is the theory that workers are not lazy. That when given the chance the employees will do what is best for the organization, and do what it takes to help achieve goals. The underlying characteristic is whether an employee finds the work environment satisfying or more of punishment (Jones, pg. 54). -
Theory X
Theory X is the theory that the avergae worker is lazy, doesnt like work, and will do as little as possible at work. Within this theory workers will also try to avoid resposibility (Jones, pg. 53). -
OSHA
The Occupational Safety and Health Act mandated procedures for managers to follow to ensure a safe workplace. This act helped enforce standards in the workplace to ensure a safe and healthy work environment. It addresses both the employer’s job and the rights of the employee if the criteria is not held up (OSHA, 2004). -
Ethics
Ethics are basic principles, morals and values that businesses use to analyze situations and decide what the most appropriate way to behave. In 1978 the Whole Foods Market set perfect examples of well practiced ethics. They believed that they had a obligation to strive ethically for the needs of the customer and the employees. And in order to meet the needs of sharholders they designed a new ethical approach based on core business values to do this (Jones, pg. 111). -
Six Sigma
Six sigma is a technique used to improve quality by systematically improving how value chain activites are performed and then use statistical methods to measure the improvement. The overal goal is to help improve quality and weed out any defects produced by altering processes (Jones, pg. 276). -
Chaos Theory
This theory is developed around the idea that random events are what control management decisions, and that managers cannot always control everything within a organization (Murphy, 1996). -
SWOT Analysis
The SWOT analysis is a planning excersie in which managers can identify internal organizational strengeths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (Jones, pg.237). -
Global Management and IKEA
Global management at ikea has shown to be one of the best. Founder Ingvar Kamprad teaches his mnagers and employees to operate in a no-frills, conscious way, and that they are all in business together as part of a team. By teaching his core management team to be frugal and hardworking globalizing IKEA came fairly easily. The company keeps a sense of simplicity where its employees are able to learn various jobs within the company to keep them thinking on a larger scale (Jones, pg. 179-180).
