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Scientific Method
Scientific Management is the systematic study of relationships between people to increase efficency. There are four different principles. 1. Study the way workers perform tasks and experiment with ways of how to improve the performing of tasks. 2. Take the improvments and write rules and standard operating procedure. 3. Select workers who have skills that match the tasks. 4. Have a fair level of performance for and develop a good pay level. (Jones 2014) -
Andrew Carnegie
Andrew worked up from being in the handloom weaver business. Later in his life was very successful, He got promoted to superintendent of the railroad at a young age. He kept finding ways to use resources more productively to reduce cost and increase profitability. Also, he is known for taking the 10 hour work day and increased it to 12 hour days, 6 days a week. He paid the lowest wage possible and had no care for safety. (Jones 2014) -
Theory of Bureaucracy
Max Weber is the father of the Theory of Bureaucracy, which is desinged to ensure efficency and effectiveness. There are 5 principles. 1. Manager's gather from the positions they hold. 2. Employees should work in positions they are good at. 3. Everyones work and responsibility should be clear and specific. 4. Employees should know exactly who to report back to at what time. 5. Managers must have well-defined rules, so they can control behavior. (Jones 2014) -
Behaviorial Theory
The study of how the managers should behave to help motivate employees. This should encourage them to perform at higher levels and be committed to the organizational goals. -
Henry Ford
Started a car company. He check up on his employees to see how they lived and spent there time. People that drank to much or were in debt were fired. He saw huge gains in efficency from applications of new management principles. He recogninized people were stressed and there was a high employee turnover rate. In which he reduced his hours from 9 to 8 hour days and increased wased from $2.50 to $5.00. The workers could not leave until thier shift was over and could not talk. (Jones 2014) -
Fayols (Administrative theory)
Henri Fayol identified the important 14 principles of management. These all helped toward increasing the efficiency of the management process. The principles are Division of labor, authority and responsibility, unity of command, line of authority, centralization, unity of direction, equity, order, initiative, discipline, remuneration of personnel, stability of tensure of personnel, subordination of individual interest to the common interest, and Esprit de corps. (Jones 2014) -
The Gilbreths
They followed Taylorism. Within their family they casted a movie about how they worked in their daily lives to make everything more efficient. They did this with when cooking, cleaning, and raising their 12 kids. They aimed to break every action into different components, reorganize each component as a whole, so it could be more efficient. They also found better ways to perform each tasks to make everything less costly. (Jones 2014) -
Mary Parker Follett
Follett thought that management over looked ways that employees could contribute to the organization. She said if workers have the right knowledge, then they should be in control of that particular task.. The managers should be more like coaches not mentors and supervisors. Also, she thought that managers in different departments should communicate with eachother to ensure they all knew what was going on. Knowledge and expertise should determine who leads at what time. (Jones 2014) -
Hawthorne Studies
This was a 2 year study that Elton Mayo performed, the study was to about how the characteristics of the work setting effect employees performance. They looked at lighting in the work places an break times. The overall goal was to increase productivity. After a couple years it showed the productivity increased but that was because the employees liked the attention. So they worked harder to get good results. (Jones 2014) -
Management Science Theory
This is a theory that uses quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use out of the resources available. This is an expansion of scientific management. There are a couple different branches of management sceience. They are quantitative, operations, total quality, and management information systems. All of these branches help increase efficiency and effectiveness. (Jones 2014) -
Heiarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow created the heiarchy of needs. This helps understand human motivations, management training, and personal development. This was origanally a 5 stage pyramid, now can be seen as 7 or 8 levels. The pyramid helps employees to get to there very best they can be, with self actualization. (Chapman 2012) -
Organizational Environment Theory
The organizational environment theory is forces and conditions that go beyond an organizations boundries but affect a manager's ability to utilize their resources. This looks at how the managers use and get scarce and valuable resources, such as raw materials, skilled workers, and customers. (Jones 2014) -
Sociotechnical System Theory
This theory is a study of the realationship between the workers and technology, such as machinery.This system was actually designed to deal with practical problems and theoretical problems of working conditions in the industry. (Baird 2014) -
Contingency Theory
Four people helped pull this theory together. They were Tom Burns, G.M. Stalker, Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch. This theory states there is not one way to organize. Organizatonal structures depends on characteristics of the external environment. This will then help obtain more resources when the enviornment keeps changing. (Jones 2014) -
Theory X
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Open Systems
The open system was developed by Daniel Katz, Robert Kahn, and James Thompson. This system takes external enviornment and transforms the into goods that can be sent back into the enviornment and bought. There are 3 different stages of this system. Input stage, is were they gather the resources. Conversion stage is the actualy transformation of the resources into goods and services that can be sold. The last stage is outout stage this where the customers can buy the goods. (Jones 2914) -
Theory Y
This is the assumption that the workers are active within the company without being told to do so. They will do good for the organization. Managers create a work environment that provides great opportunities. The workers are not lazy and actually like their work. The employees are ensured to have enough resources to reach organizational goals. (Jones 2014) -
Schools approach
One of the management history approaches is school approach. This approach was popularized by Koontz. He states that there are 6 schools of management thought. Later in his life, he actually found more. But in the beginning, it was only 6 different schools. (Jane 1999) -
Management Grid
Robert Blake and Jan Mouton developed this grid. This has 2 axis, they are "Concern for people" and "Concern for Tasks." The managers want to be high on both axis. Then they are going to be a good leader. (Clark 2004) -
Theory Z
William Ouchi published a book called " Theory Z." This is a book that helps explains how Americans can learn from Japanese industry. This veiws human assets as the most important and profitable assets. This theory followed a couple of principles, trust, long-term employment, slow-evaluation and promotion, participative decision making, non-specialized careers, holistic concern for the workers,and responsibility. (Sanders 2013) -
The Learning Organization
This type of organization looks for ways to create its future. They assume learning is always going to happen and is a creative process. This organization can adapt to the needs and wants of customers. Learning is actually 3 different activities, thinking, communicating, and cooperating. (Clark 2004) -
Questionnaire for management
In 1996 a questionnaire was sent out to 350 people in the Management HIstory Division. Only 75 of them were actually completed and sent back. 56 out of the 75 said they teach management in their courses. The feedback said what they teach and how they can make their teaching better. Also, only 94 percent of the people think that history management is increasing or staying the same. (Jane 1999) -
Lean methodology
This is where the companies focus on elimanation of waste. They use the least amount of work and do not waste anything. This way they get more value out of every resource. They do not waste anything, raw materials, time, and effort. Waste has 7 different categories, defects, over-production, unnecessary motion, waiting, unnecessary inventory, excessive transportaton, underutilization of workers. (Sanders 2013) -
Business Process Management
BPM focuses on both people and system processes. Also, BPM looks at processes amoung many different departments or maybe the whole company. This is noramally done by the IT department, because it is looking at people and technology. The framework addresses 4 elements. 1. Workflow management 2. Content management 3. Enterprise Application Intergration 4. Process Monitoring (Clark 2004) -
Six Sigma
This is a methodology that has grown to represent a number of concepts. The primary goal for this methodology is to minimize mistakes and maximize value created. This addresses customers needs and analyzes business processs. This approach is based upon measurable and documented results. (Sanders 2013)
