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Beginnings
The first computers used for language learning activities were only available in universities (A brief history of call, s. f.). -
Materials
The first materials take the form of textbooks in the web with guided grammar excersices (Reinhardt, 2017). -
Behavioristic CALL
Drill and practice is a term used in this stage of CALL to describe repeated language exercises. In this stage the computer is seen as a "mechanical teacher" who didn't allow the students to work at their own speed (Development of CALL in history timeline | preceden, s. f.). -
Period: to
First CALL program
Was designed at three pioneering institutions: Stanford University, Darmouth University and University of Essex. (A brief history of call, s. f.) -
Communicative CALL
This phase was known for communicative approach rather than the last decade's practice system which did not provide an authentic learning experience (Development of CALL in history timeline | preceden, s. f.). -
Integrative CALL
Researchers incorporated language skills instruction into content-based activities, authentic experiences, and collaborative initiatives which provide direction and coherence (Tuan, 2019). -
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Current CALL
Current CALL study and practice has seen a clear change away from using computers for drill and tutorial purposes in earlier phases and toward using them as a tool for borderless language learning and lifelong learning transition (Warschauer & Healey, 1998). -
AI's impact
Today teachers are exploring how AI can enable their process for finding, choosing, and adapting material for use in their lessons (Artificial Intelligence - Office of Educational Technology, 2023). AI-powered language apps are more convenient, personalized, and effective, (Nykon, 2023).