-
500 BCE
Greek Sophists
Perception, motivation, individual differences -
399 BCE
Socrates
Socratic Method -
1079
Peter Abelard
Scholastic method -
1274
Thomas Aquinas
Use of syllogisms -
John Amos Comenius
The first true forerunner of modern educational technology -
Pestalozzi
Influenced by Rousseau's Émile, he wanted to "psychologize the instructional method" -
Joseph Lancaster
Lancasterian Monitorial Instruction. Genial for the time. It allowed mass education at an affordable price for the governments. The ratio of teacher students was 1 to 284. It relied on memorization and repetition. -
Friedrich Froebel
German pedagogue, founder of the kindergarten. He thought the education of man had 4 basic components: free self-activity, creativity, social participation, motor expression. His instructional method: 1. Games and songs, 2. construction, 3. gifts and occupations -
Johann Friedrich Herbart
Outlines of Educational Doctrine
3 levels of learning: sensory activity; wherein previously formed ideas; 3. conceptual thinking
Influenced in Germany and USA until beginnings 1900. -
MC- Radio, Educational Broadcasting
- 1906- The University of Wisconsin- Extension was founded as a distance-teaching unit. They used the radio as a medium for distance education. Years later in 1919, professors of the University of Wisconsin started broadcasting in the first federally licensed radio station dedicated to educational broadcasting.
-
Media- "Visual Education"
Keystone View company published "Visual Education" a guide for teachersKeystone -
First catalog of instructional films
1910 First catalog of instructional films published -
"Visualizing the curriculum" textbook
1937 Text-book of visual instruction "Visualizing the curriculum" -
Period: to
Second World War
- The USA Army produced more than 400 training films and 600 filmstrips. From 1941 to 1945 Federal Government produced 457 training films for work in the industry. Training devices were used extensively such as overhead projectors, slide projectors, audio equipment, and simulators.
- Developed tests to measure traits in psychomotor and perceptual skills for airmen, who scored low were directed into other programs.
-
Cone of experience
1946 Edgar Dale developed the Cone of experience. -
Communication Cycle - Shannon and Weaver
Shannon and Weaver developed models of communication -
FCC - Television Channels for Education
1952 Federal Communications Commission decided to set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes -
Period: to
Proliferation of Instructional programs in Television
1955 There were 17 TV stations of instructional programs
1960 There were 50 TV stations of instructional programs -
Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Benjamin Bloom published Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Fundamental text for Education. -
Robert Gagné The Conditions of Learning
1965 Robert Gagné The Conditions of Learning which described 5 domains of learning outcomes:
Verbal information, intellectual skills, psychomotor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies each required a different set of conditions In this book also described 9 events of instruction or teaching activities. The area of learning hierarchies and hierarchical analysis, one would first have to master the subordinate skills in order to get a superordinate skill -
B.F. Skinner and Human Learning
B.F. Skinner studies the requirements for increasing human learning, and actions to decrease certain behaviors through punishment. The idea of punishment and reward are studied through the lens of education and behavior.
Instruction in small steps, immediate feedback, allow self-pacing. They studied the effectiveness of the materials, instructional weaknesses were identified. Formative evaluation and breaking down content into specific behavioral objectives -
Period: to
1970's Instruction Models
Many individuals created new models for systematically designing instruction. By the end of the decade, more than 40 models were identified. The U.S. Military adopted an instructional design model to guide the development of training material. -
Period: to
1980's Instruction Models
The increasing use of microcomputers for instructional purposes has a major effect. Emphasis on front-end analysis, on-the-job performance, and business results had an effect on instructional design practices -
Computer use in Schools
Computers were being used in more than 40% of elementary schools and more than 75% of secondary schools -
Period: to
1990's Instruction Models
There is a growing interest in constructivism. The principles associated include: a. solve complex and realistic problems, b. work together to solve problems, c. examine the problem from multiple perspectives. To take ownership of the learning process become aware of their own role in the knowledge construction process.. -
MC- University of Phoenix - online education for-profit
1991- the University of Phoenix started offering online education programs via the Internet -
Period: to
Distance Learning Education
60% of the higher education institutions offering distance learning courses. Whereas in 1995 only 22% of the higher education institutions were offering distance learning courses -
Internet Access in Schools
In 1998 90% of the schools had Internet access whereas in 1995 only 50% of the schools had Internet access. -
MC- NYU Online Westerns Governors’ University
1998 - The NYU Online Westerns Governors’ University is founded. The New York University was the first large nonprofit university to create an online subsidiary. Also, the same year The California Virtual University (a consortium of 100 universities and colleges) started operating. This is important because until then only for-profit institutions had operated in the online instruction (University of Phoenix was operating since 1991) -
MC- First Doctoral Program in Distance Education in North America
2008- The First Doctoral Program in Distance Education in North America. - The Doctor of Education (EdD) in Distance Education program at Athabasca University in Alberta, Canada started in the Fall with 13 students. -
Period: to
MC- COVID-19
World-wide school closures aimed at containing the spread of COVID-19. The abrupt shift to distance education presents challenges to education.
