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Mahammand was born in Mecca. Family poor and Mahammad was orphaned at the age of six.he was raised by his uncle.
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Mahammad went to a lonley desert cave to pray and meditate. At the age of 40 he heard a vioce. the voice said "proclaim" according to muslim belif the vioce was the angle of gabriel. mahammad asked what he should procliam and the angle said "Proclaim- in the name of God the Creator, W created man from the clot of congealed blood. Procliam! Your God is most generous, He who has taught man by the pen things they knew not." muhammad became confused.
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Mahammad was faced with death treats which caused him and his followers left Mecca. they went to Yathrib. their journy was known as the Hijra. Hijra was the turning piont of Islam.
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He enters the city peacefully, and eventually all its citizens accept Islam. The prophet clears the idols and images out of the Kaaba and rededicates it to the worship of God alone.
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In 632 Mahammad died and his followers plunged into grief. Abu Bakr, told the mahammads followers "if you worship Muhammad, Muhammad is dead. If you worship God, God is alive. Islam survived the death of thier prophet. The split between Sunni and Shitte muslims has a profound impact on later Islamic history.
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Muslims enter Egypt and rout the Byzantine army. Muslims consider their conquest as the liberation of subjugated people, since in most instances they were under oppressive rule.
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Islam spread to Africa very soon after the religion was founded in the Seventh century of the Common Era. Over the following centuries until the present day Islam has continued to grow in numbers in area of influence. This section will briefly describe the history and influence of Islam in Africa.
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Imam Ali is killed, bringing to an end the rule of the four "righteous caliphs": Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. This also marks the beginning of the Umayyad rule.
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Muslims enter Spain in the west and India in the east. Eventually almost the entire Iberian Peninsula is under Islamic control.
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Tariq ibn Malik, a Berber officer, crosses the strait separating Africa and Europe with a group of Muslims and enters Spain (al-Andalus, as the Muslims called it, a word is etymologically linked to "Vandals"). The first stop in the Muslim conquest of Spain is at the foot of a mountain that comes to be called Jabel Tarik, the Mountain of Tarik. Today it is known as Gibraltar. At one time the Berbers had been Christians but they recently converted in large numbers to Islam after the Arab conquest
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Although Arabs conquered the Indus Valley in 711, they advanced no further into the subcontinent. Then about 1000, Muslim Turks and Afghans pushed into India.
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At the battle of Poitiers, also known as Tours, Christian forces under the Frankish leader Charles Martel "The Hammer" (grandfather of Charlemagne) confronted a massive invading Islamic army. The Franks were victorious, effectively halting the northward advance of Islam and preserving Christianity as the dominant faith in Europe. Expert medievalist David Nicolle draws on contemporary sources to reconstruct this turning-point battle, places it in its historical context and reviews its background
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The Abbasids take over rule from the Umayyads, shifting the seat of power to Baghdad.The Abbasids were the dynasty of caliphs who ruled the Islamic Empire from 750 until the Mongol conquest of the Middle East in 1258. The dynasty takes its name from its ancestor al-Abbas, the uncle of the Prophet Muhammad. In 750 the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads and transferred the capital of the Caliphate from Damascus to Baghdâd, thereby shifting the empire's center from Syria to Iraq.
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Pope Urban II opens the Council of Clermont where ambassadors from the Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus, asking help against the Muslims, were warmly received.
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After long and bloody siege, Christian crusaders captured Jerusalem. For 150 years, the city passed back and forth between Muslims and Christians.
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In the late 1100s, the sultan of Ghur defeated Hindu armies across the northern plain of India. He made Delhi his capital. From there, his successors organized a sultanate, or land rules by a sultan.
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Marked the start of Muslim rule in northern India.
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The Delhi sultanate, which lasted from 1206-1526. It marked the start of Muslim rule in northern India. Muslims won on the battle frield because muslim mounted arches had far greater mobility then Hindu forces, who rode slow-moving war elephants. Also, Hindu princes wasted resouces battling one another instead of uniting against a common enemy.
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The Ottomans were another Turkish-speaking nomadic people who had migrated from Central Asia into northwestern Asia Minor. in the 100's the expamed across Asia Minor and into southern Europe. they establshed a capital in the Balkan Peninsula.
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In 1398, Tamerlane invaded India. He plundered the northern plain and smashed into Delhi. Thousands of artisans were inslaved to build Tamerlane's capital at Samarkland. The sultans no longer controlled a large empire, and northern India fragmented, thistime into rival Hindu and Muslim states.
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Ottoman expansion threatened the crumbling Byzantine empire. After several failed attempts to capture Constantinople, Muhammad the second finally succeeded in 1453. the next 200 years the empire contined to grow.
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The Safavid dynasty had united a strong empire in persia, present day Iran. Inbetween two other expansionist powers, Mughal India and the Ottoman empire and Safavid engaged in frequent warfare. Religion played a major part in the conflict.
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The Ottoman empire enjoyed its goldern age under under the sultan Suleiman, who ruled from 1520-1566. He was called Suleiman the Magnificent by westernerers, he was known to his own people as the "Lawgiver".
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Turkish and mongol invaders begain to pour through the montain that passes in India. At their head was Babur, who claimed descent from Genghiz Khan and Tamerlane. Babur was a military genius, poet, and author or the book of memoirs.
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The chief builder of the Maghal empire was Babur's grandson Akbar. During his long reign from 1556-1605, he create a strong central government, earning the the title Akbar the Great.
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The king was Abbas the Great. Shah Abbas revived the glory and acient Persia. From 1588- 1629 he centralized thegovernment and created a powerful military force modeled on the Ottoman janizaries. Abbas used a mixture of force and diplomacy against the Ottomans. He also sought alliances with European states that had reasonto fear the Ottoman power.
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European advances in both connerce and military technologywere leaving the Ottomans behind. While Europe industry and trade pressed ahead, the aging Ottoman empire remained dependent on agriculture. Russia and other European powers chipped away at Ottoman lands, while local rulers in North Africa and else where broke away from Ottoman control.
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Babur swept away the remnants of the Delhi sultanate and set up the Mughal dynasty, which was ruled from 1526-1857. Babur and his heirs conquered an empire that stretch from the Himalayas to the Deccan Plateau.
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Muslims enter the area north of Arabia, known as "Sham," including Syria, Palestine, Lebanon and Iraq.
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Abbassid control over the Arab empire fragmented. in Spain, Egyp and elsewhere, independent dynasties rule separated Muslim states. As the caliph's power faded, civil wars erupted, and Shiite rulers took over parts of the empire.
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The city of Baghdad reached its peak under the reign of caliph Harun Al-Rahid. For centuries, in both Europe and the Musilm world, Harun was admired as a model ruler. he was viewed as a symbol of wealth and splendor.
