-
Period: to
Maps, Globes, & Scientific Apparatus
Norman B. Leventhal Map Center - Boston Public Library These tools were used as visual aids in the classroom. -
Period: to
Blackboard
The History of the Classroom Blackboard The blackboard was used to help learners visualize instruction. -
Period: to
Steroscope
Visualizing the Curriculum - Sir David BresterSteroscopic Photography - New York Public Library The steroscope allowed students to view 3D images. -
-
Period: to
Silent Films
Silent films were used as tools to help visualize instruction. Educators felt that it was important for teachers to maintain control of the narrative that took place during instruction, hence later resistance to films with sound. -
Period: to
The Visual Instruction Movement & Instructional Films
-
Period: to
Films with Sound
-
Period: to
University Operated Radio Stations
-
Period: to
The Audiovisiual Instruction Movement & Instructional Radio
-
Period: to
Shift from Visual to Audiovisual Instruction
From the 1920s to the 1940s, there were advances in media that changed the focus of education from visual to audiovisual instruction: for example, " sound recordings, radio broadcasting, and motion pictures with sound." -
Period: to
Department of Visual Instruction
-
Period: to
School Broadcasting Services
-
Period: to
Audio Resources
-
Period: to
America School District Radio Stations
-
Period: to
WWII Films for Military Training
-
Period: to
Audio-Visual Instruction in Practice
This timespan covers WWII until the arrivals of PCs. -
Period: to
Department of Audio-Visual Instruction
-
Period: to
U.S. Navy Sponsored Instructional Film Research at Pennsylvania State University
-
Period: to
U.S. Air Force Studies on Film & Programmed Instruction Techniques and Learner Response
-
Period: to
Educational Television
-
Period: to
Instructional Television
There was a focus "on design, production and use of instructional media." -
Period: to
Theories of Communication
During this time, theories of communication informed instructional design. -
Period: to
Computers
-
Period: to
Programmed Instruction Movement
-
FCC Decision
242 Educational Channels -
The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching
-
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives
Bloom's Taxonomy: Levels of UnderstandingBloom's Taxonomy Written by Benjamin Bloom -
Launch of Sputnik
This Day in History This Russian advancement resulted in "the indirect launching of formative evaluation" and increased U.S. funding of math and science education. -
PLATO - Computer-Assisted Instruction
-
James D. Finn, View of Educational Technology
James D. Finn - Tech Learning Finn saw instructional technology as a means of solving instructional problems. -
Popularization of Behavior Objectives
-
Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction
Historical Evolution of Instructional Design & TechnologyWritten by Robert Mager -
Period: to
Computer Assisted Instruction
-
Period: to
Cognitive Revolution
-
Period: to
Programmed Instruction Lessons
Programmed Instruction Research conducted by B.F. Skinner on Operant Conditioning influenced this form of instruction. -
Period: to
The Criterion Reference Testing Movement
-
Period: to
Schema Theory
-
Period: to
PLATO
-
Period: to
Instructional Technology as a Process
-
Period: to
The Criterion Reference Testing Movement
Previously, how well a student performed on a test was based on the performance of others, using a normal distribution. The criterion reference test enabled the assessment of individual student performance. -
Period: to
Early Instructional Design Models
Gagne', Glaser, and Silverman were the first to describe systematic processes or models used for instructional design. -
David Berlo's Model of Communication
Communication Theory Berlo emphasized the process of communication over the media used. -
AECT Definition
AECT In the 20th Century: A Brief History Educational Technology - "the design and use of messages which control the learning process." -
Arthur A. Lumsdaine View of Educational Technology
He saw educational technology "as the application of science to instructional practices." -
Domains of Learning & 9 Events of Instruction
Robert Gagne's Theory The 9 Events of Instruction are considered the cornerstone of instructional design. -
Formative Evaluation
The Fundamentals of Formative Assessment Formative evaluation informs instruction by assessing student knowledge throughout the learning process. Educators can take the results of formative evaluations to modify or remediate instruction. Michael Scriven coined the term "formative evaluation." -
Commission on Instructional Technology Definition
What is Educational Technology? Educational Technology - media from the "communications revolution" that can be used in addition to traditional teaching and a systematic way of using resources for "more effective instruction." -
Period: to
Cassette Audio Recorders
-
Period: to
Microcomputers
Microcomputers in Education The use of microcomputers in education was predicted to have a great impact on instructional design. -
Period: to
Systems Approach
Systems Theory The systems approach required instructional designers to identify the individual components of a system and describe the interrelationships between components to develop and improve instruction or training. -
Period: to
Cognitive Information Processing Theory
-
Period: to
Shift in Terminology
Educational & Instructional Technology replaced Audiovisual Instruction -
Period: to
Association for Educational Communications and Technology
-
ADDIE Model
-
AECT Definition
AECT In the 20th Century: A Brief History This definition included the integration of people, processes, and things used to account and adjust for problems "involved in all aspects of human learning." -
Time-Shared Interactive Computer Controlled Information Television
The 70's: ID Models and Maturation TICCIT: Computer-Assisted Instruction funded by the National Science Foundation -
Period: to
Application of Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Approach Cognitive psychology was seen as a way to inform instructional design. -
Period: to
Computers as Tools
A Brief History of Microsoft Office Computers were seen as a means to an end, a way of completing tasks. -
Personal Computer Machine of the Year
A New World Dawns Time magazine calls the Personal Computer the Machine of the Year (1982) -
Period: to
Internet
Pew Research: Internet's Influence on Education The potential impact of the Internet seems to offer endless possibilities. However, reality shows that the digital divide in access and technology literacy reinforces the disparities between the haves and the have-nots. -
Period: to
Human Performance Technology Morement
-
AECT Definition
AECT In the 20th Century: A Brief History This definition included "the theory and practice of design." -
AECT Definition
Changes in the Definition of Educational Technology by the AECT and JSET This definition of educational technology included the idea of "ethical practice" and "improving performance"
