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Training profession developed as new workers entered workforce replacing those off to war.
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Training was trial and error.
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National Defense Advisory Commission developed JIT. This on-the-job training for supervisors allowed them to train employees. JIT involved four steps: 1) Prepare
2) Present
3) Demonstrate
4) Follow-up -
Development of training society discussed.
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American Society of Training Directors developed.
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Theory of Human Motivation published by Abraham Maslow, theorized need for hierarchy in training.
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Kurt Lewin, known as the father of organizational development, launches the Research Center for Group Dynamics.
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World War II ends.
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Vocational schools began, which is where young adults could go to learn various trades. Vocational and trade schools are alternatives to colleges and universities.
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Move from systematic training to individual training.
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Popularized in 1950s - 1960s as technology development paralleled systems approach processes in both military and indstrial environments.
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Edwin Guthrie publishes the Psychology of Learning, which
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B.F. Skinner publishes Science and Human Behavior.
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Cognition was premier view of learning.
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Donald Kirkpatrick introduces Kirkpatrick Evaluation Model. Model consists of four parts:
- Reaction
- Learning
- Behavior
- Results
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Benjamin Bloom publishes Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, explains the cognitive aspect of learning. Bloom's Taxonomy attempts to categorizes educational goals.
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Bloom's taxonomy demonstrated importance of establishing training objectives.
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Values-based approach to systems change in organizations and communities for improved business results.
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Individual instruction with aid of machines
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Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction authored by Robert Mager.
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American Society for Training Directors changed name to American Society for Training and Development.
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Model of cognitive development created by Jean Piaget. Model consists of tour parts:
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete Operation
- Formal Operation
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Delivery of programmed instruction marking the beginning of computer based training.
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The case method became popular training method.
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Mass amount of information disseminated to large audiences all at once.
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"The sociotechnical systems (STS) approach is devoted to the effective blending of both the technical and social systems of an organization" (SAGE, 2016).
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Malcolm Knowles coined the term andragogy, which means teaching adult learners.
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Gagne and Briggs introduced principles of instructional design.
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Production slowed in the U.S. leaving organizations time to focus on training budgets.
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Training and development became a part of Human Resources.
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Laptops became available and this new technology was integrated into classrooms.
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Peter Senge introduced learning enterprises.
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CBT is alternative to Instructor-led Training (ILT). It allows for rapid learning.
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E-learning, computer-based/web-based training, and online learning introduced as an alternative to traditional learning.
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Technology provided performance support in the workplace.
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Companies emphasized importance of training. CBT rose. Online training explored.
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Organizations incorporated e-learning to training programs. Online degrees offered at higher education institutes.
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Since behavior is the sum of actions and reactions to various stimuli, behavioristic principles are primary focus in instructional design.
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Social media tools like Facebook, You Tube, and Twitter are platforms for social learning. These tools of communication bridge the gap due to factors like demographics. People are now able to receive the same message at the same time around the world, provide instant feedback, and collaborate collectively to accomplish goals and objectives. And the main goal and objective is to learn.
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Eric Trist, from London's Tavistock Institute of Human relations, led research in the development of the Sociotechnical Systems Theory.
