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Brown vs Board of Education
In 1951 Oliver Brown filed a class-action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, after his daughter, Linda Brown, was decline access to Topeka’s all-white elementary school. In 1954, a decision was made that it was illegal, to separate black and white students in the public school. 14th Amendment to provide equal rights and opportunities for all students regardless of their disabilities.
source:https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/brown-v-board-of-education-of-topeka -
P.A.R.C., the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania argued that the exclusions of “retarded children”
In this case the state of Pennsylvania authorities public schools to refuse students with mental and physical disabilities . Final judgement states that no child of school age who is mentally retarded should be subjected to a change in educational status without first being accorded notice and the opportunity of a due process hearing (Forte, J. ,2017) -
Board of Education v. Rowley
Amy Rowley was a deaf child who excelled with the use of FM hearing aid. Parents requested for a qualified sign-language interpreter to assist her in all of her classes the district denied the request saying it was not “appropriate” under the IDEA. The Rowley decision clarified that children with disabilities were entitled to “access” to an education that provided an “educational benefit.” A school district does not have to “maximize” each disabled child’s potential(Forte, J. 2017). -
American with disabilities Act
This civil rights law protects individuals with disabilities against discrimination and ensures that they receive the same rights and opportunities in all areas as individuals without disabilities. In areas such as employment, public accommodations, communication and transportation just to name a few. Parrott-Sheffer, Chelsey. "Americans with Disabilities Act". Encyclopedia Britannica, 14 Dec. 2022, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Americans-with-Disabilities-Act. Accessed 13 March 2023. -
Individual with disabilities Act 2004
IDEA is a law that makes available public education to eligible children with disabilities throughout the nation for free. The IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education.
It requires schools to provide students with special education and related services to meet their individual needs (McLeskey, J., Rosenberg, M. S., & Westling, D. L. ,2018, P46).