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Period: Jan 1, 622 to Dec 31, 630
Bilbiography
"Chronology Life Of Muhammad (PBUH)." Slide Share. N.p., n.d. Web. Mar. 2014. "The Hijra | Islamic History." Islamic History RSS. NCorde, n.d. Web. Mar. 2014. Islamweb. "Battles of The Prophet." Islam Web - Kids Corner. Islamweb, n.d. Web. "Legacy of the Prophet." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. Mar. 2014. "Migration for Peace and Justice." IslamiCity.com. IslamiCity, Jan. 2001. Web. Mar. 2014. -
Jun 30, 622
The Migration from Mecca to Medina
In 622 AD, the momentous migration of the Muslims to 'Yathrib' (later renamed to Medina by the Prophet) took place. The migrants consisted a a few hundred followers of the Prophet.
Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) and his peoples' safety was at great risk in Mecca, as the Prophet had already recieved numerous threats as well as assassination attempts. Muhammad wished for a safer place for Muslims, therefore ordering the migration. The followers had gone first, with the Prophet following after. -
Aug 29, 622
Building the Mosque
The first task Muhammad undertook was building a mosque. He found the place for the mosque by allowing his camel to roam free, until she found a place to sit down. Many people tried to lead the camel into their homes even, to be close to the Prophet, but Muhammad (PBUH) would say, 'Leave her, for she is under (Divine) command'.
His camel eventually knelt down at a place of Banu Najjar. He sent for the owners of the date-store to name a price for the yard. -
Aug 29, 622
Building the Mosque (continued).
Although the boys offered to give the yard to the Prophet for free, Muhammad (PBUH) refused and paid what it was worth. It was here that he built the mosque.
The mosque is now one of the The Great Mosques. It was an essential part of Muslim life in Medina back then, and portrayed an advancement since the prayer that had once been done in secret in Mecca was now openly encouraged and performed. It made a Muslim society. -
Oct 29, 622
The Brotherhood
To fix this as well as unite the Muslims emigrants and locals, Muhammad (PBUH) formed a 'brotherhood'. Each Emigrant was paired with a 'Helper' (local of Medina) andwere to take each other as 'brothers'. The Helpers were to treat them like brothers: share food, share the house, share work, etc as if they were natural family. The emigrants were largely dependent on their new brothers, as they had left basically all of their possessions in Mecca and had virtually nothing. -
Nov 26, 622
Constitution of Medina
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) issued the Constitution of Medina that united all the tribes that resided within Medina. It also ended the bitter fight between two main tribes: the Aws and the Khazraj.
The Constitution ensured religious choice, women rights, equality for all colours, races, cultures, and religions. There was also a taz system to support Medina when in crisis. There were more laws too, like dispute solving, blood money, political power, etc. -
Dec 30, 623
Nakhla Raid
The exact timing of the Nakhla Raid is undetermined. Some say it occurred in December 2 AH, or in January 3 AH.
The Prophet (PBUH) actually only instructed the travelling party to observe the Quraysh who would be nearby, and then report back to him useful information. However, on much though and discussion, they decided to raid the Quraysh. The Muslims were actually victorious, but it was also a defeat in some ways. They had done this during a sacred month, which went against all their rules. -
Mar 13, 624
The Battle of Badr (victory)
The Battle of Badr took place on the 17th of Ramadan, 2 AH. It began because the Prophet (PBUH) tried to reclaim the Muslim possessions from the Quraysh by raiding their passing caravan. Though they managed to escape, the Quraysh were enraged and still wanted to go fight with the Muslims. The Quraysh marched with 1000 men, against the 314 men of the Muslims. However, the Muslims still managed to emerge victorious! There were fourteen martyrs, against the 70 deaths of the polythiests. -
Mar 13, 624
Battle of Badr: Quranic Verse
Allah had helped you at Badr, when ye were a contemptible little force; then fear Allah; thus may ye show your gratitude. Remember thou saidst to the Faithful: Is it not enough for you that Allah should help you with three thousand angels (specially) sent down? “Yea”? if ye remain firm, and act aright, even if the enemy should rush here on you in hot haste, your Lord would help you with five thousand angels making a terrific onslaught. -
Mar 13, 624
Battle of Badr: Explanation to Quranic Verse
This Battle's victory was significant since it was seen as a sign from God that they were doing the right thing and it boosted their morales.
It was supported by more Quranic Verses as well, since the Quran revealed that their victory was due to Divine Intervention bu Allah, sending thousands of angels to help the Muslims weak numbers against the Quraysh. -
Sep 24, 624
Exiles Banu Qaynuqa Jews
It was a short while after the defeat of the Quraysh by the Muslims that an incident happened within Medina between the Jews of Banu Qaynuqa and the Muslims.
A lady going to a marketplace was confronted by one of the shopkeepers, who was demanding her to remove her hijaab. She refused, but through trickery he stripped her of her Muslim clothing, violating her rights and harassing her. An onlooking Muslim was angry and killed the Jew shopkeeper, who was then killed by another Jew. -
Sep 24, 624
Exiles Banu Qaynuqa Jews: continued
(continued)
This was seen a breaking of the Constitution of Medina that the Prophet (PBUH) had set for the whole of Medina.
The Prophet therefore moved against Banu Qaynuqa, and led a siege on them for fourteen-fifteen days. After they surrendered, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) originally wanted to kill them, but instead he expelled them from Medina, for they violated the Constitution. -
Mar 24, 625
Battle of Uhud
The Quraysh were unwilling to accept defeat from the Muslims, and so they prepared an army of three thousand fighters. The Meccan army marched to Uhud, where the battle took place.
Muhammad had placed archers on a hill in Uhud. They were given the express order to not move from their place and the Prophet (PBUH) tells them to. Because of their advantage from above and their strategizing, the Muslims caused the pagan army to flee. -
Mar 24, 625
Battle of Uhud: Quranic Verse Part 1
God certainly made good His promise unto you when you routed them by His leave, until the moment when your courage failed you and ye disobeyed after He had showed that for which ye long. Among you are some that hanker after this world and some that desire the Hereafter. Then did He divert you from your foes in order to test you. But He forgave you. For God is full of grace to those who believe. -
Mar 24, 625
Battle of Uhud: Quranic Verse Part 2
Behold ye were climbing up (the high ground) without casting a side glance at anyone, and the Apostle was calling you back. There did God give you one distress after another by way of requital, to teach you not to grieve for what ye miss, or for (the ill) that had befallen you. For God is well aware of all that ye do. [Quran 3:151-52] -
Mar 24, 625
Battle of Uhud: The Defeat
Upon witnessing this supposed victory, many of the archers mounted on the hill left their posts to join the collection of spoils, despite Muhammad's orders. Khalid ibn al-Walid used this against them, and led the Meccan forces back for a surprise attack. The Muslims were confused and in chaos - many died and Prophet Muhammad was severely injured as well.
This is how the Meccan army defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Uhud. -
Jun 24, 625
Exiles Banu Nadhir Jews
The Nadhir Jews were openly hostile against the Muslims now. Even though the constitution had made them all equal and allowed them their religious freedom, they despised the Muslims. They began creating alliances with Muhammad’s (PBUH) enemies, like the Quraysh and the hypocrites. There was also an attempt to assassinate the Prophet, which Muhammad evaded. So, Muhammad took action and besieged the Nadhir Jews, causing them to leave from Medina. -
Feb 24, 627
Battle of the Trench (Khandaq)
The enemies of the Prophet (PBUH) made alliances: the Quraysh, the Jews, and the Ghatafan. Their combined numbers for an army reaches 10 thousand fighters, all commanded by Abu Sufyan ibn Harib and the greatest amy ever seen in Hijaz. However, the Muslim army barely reached a number of three thousand. Thus, Salman al-Farsi put forward the idea of protecting themselves by constructing a ditch around Medina. The Muslims had worked hard, despite it being the middle of winter. -
Feb 24, 627
The Battle of the Trench: continued
Just before the armies of the enemies arrived, Prophet recieved word that Banu Qurayza (who, upto then was loyal) had betrayed the Muslims and went over to enemy sides.
The Prophet employed every man available to defend Medina using the ditch, which was prepared for war with lava and other things from ideas of Salman the Persian. -
Feb 24, 627
Battle of the Trench: Victory
The enemy armies were in position outside Medina for weeks. The weather was terrible because of winter, and though they exchanged some insults and arrows with the men stationed at the ditch, they achieved nothing. The bedouins who were helping the Quraysh eventually retreated, growing tired of not accomplishing anything and the mean weather. They left without so much as permission from Abu Sufyan. Eventually, the Quraysh were forced to retreat as well making it a victory for the Muslims. -
Apr 29, 627
Massacre of Banu Quraydhah
In Arab values, breaking trust and loyalty is treachery of the worst kind. It was not something they took lightly.
Post-war, an immediate action that the Prophet took (PBUH) was to declare war against the Qurayza Jews, who had already taken to their refuge towers. They were under siege for almost a month when they surrendered unconditionally. They begged for judgement, and requested Sa’d ibn Mu’ādh of Aws to pass the final punishment. -
Apr 29, 627
Masscre of Banu Quraydhah: continued
They had been in alliance with him for a long time. Sa'id was dying from wouds of Battle Uhud, and needed to be held up to pass judgment. However, unfortunately for the Jews (though they deserved their punishment completely) Sa'd of Aws said without hesitation his judgement: for all of them to be sentenced to death.
And so, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) killed their entire tribe. -
Hudaybiyyah Treaty: Background
The Prophet had a vision of himself entering Mecca unopposed. So, he was determined that it could be done.
He left Medina for Mecca to perform Umrah, with a party of four hundred Muslims. But he was stopped at Mecca. The Meccans wouldn't allow them to enter. Muhammad said that all he wished to do was to go to the Ka'bah, and nothing else. He would return immediately after performing pilgrimage. The Muslims said they would enter by force, but the Prophet (PBUH) refused this to respect the Ka'bah -
Battle of of Khaybar: Part 1
Banu Qaynuqa, Banu Nadhir, and Banu Quraydhah had already been expelled or killed. Only Banu Khaybar was left. Some of the expelled Jews had went to Khaybar, and continued their old ways of plotting against Islam. Since the Prophet had just signed a truce with the Quraysh, he focused his efforts on the Khaybar. He knew they were a danger to Islam, and so he readied his men to conquer them. They had protected themselves by these forst built previously, and the Prophet (SAW) besieged them. -
Treaty of Hudaybiyyah: Terms
- The Muslims shall return this year without performing Umrah (the pilgrimage). In the coming year, you may enter it with your companions, staying therein for three days, bearing no arms except the arms of the traveler.
- If a Quraysh person comes to Muhammad (i.e., after accepting Islam) without the permission of his guardian, Muhammad shall return him to them, but if one of the Muhammad’s people come to the Quraysh, he shall not be returned.
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Treaty of Hudaybiyyah: A Victory
A Quran Verse titled Victory was revealed. The treaty had proved to be one of the greatest victories for the Muslims. Since the Muslims were allowed to freely call people to their religion, Islam spread rapidly. When Allah’s Messenger (PBUH) returned from Mecca in the beginning, he had only about 1,500 followers. However, two years later, he had with him 10,000 men. Islam was spreading. -
Battle of Khaybar: Part 2
Eventually the forts were falling to the Muslims, one by one.
There was an incident with a sheperd as well, where he had come out and conversed with the Prophet and then converted to Islam. He had sheep, but the Prophet made him return it to the owners and then come back. Thus, he had made it clear that he didn't want land and wealth, just wanted to remove the harm to Islam. -
Battle of Khaybar: Part 3
When there were only two forts left, Muhammad said these famous words:
"Tomorrow I shall give the standard to a person who loves Allah and the Prophet and who is loved by Allah and the Prophet, and Allah will accomplish the conquest of this fort at his hands. He is a man who has never turned his back to the enemy and does not run away from the battlefield".
Afterwards, it was declared to be Ali. He was sent to fight - miraculously defeating the Jew's Champion, Marhab. Thus, the Muslims won. -
Conquest of Makkah: Cause
On November 629, the Quraysh did something that deeply upset the balance between the Muslims and Makkans; they broke the Treaty of Hudaybiyah. They aided their ally, the tribe Bakr, lead an attack on Khuza'ah - a tribe that joined the Prophet's (PBUH) confederacy. The Quraysh became worried when they realized the implications of this act, as it gave the Muslims a perfect reason to attack Makkah. Even when they sent Abu Sufyan to pacify the Prophet, he refused any further deals with the Makkans. -
Conquest of Makkah: Part 2
On the 10th of Ramadan, a huge Muslim army set out to Makkah. In Makkah, the Qurayshite leaders feared the worst, and during the night made their way to the Muslim camp, where they met with Muhammad. After some persuasion, they converted to Islam and testified.
The conquest was ordered by Muhammad to be completely peaceful with no bloodshed or violence unless necessary. They easily entered the gates and the army fully occupied Makkah. -
Conquest of Makkah: Part 3
The Prophet (PBUH) rode in with his camel to the Kabah, where in full view of the Quraysh, recited this verse while destroying the idols:
'The truth has come, and falsehood has vanished away; surely falsehood is certain to vanish'
He then circled the Kabah, then opened it, and destroyed the pictures of Abraham and Ismael holding divination arrows.
When exiting, he granted a general amnesty to all Muslims and Makkans, excluding 10 people.
