Historical Evolution of the Field

By ewhitaker28
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    Historical Evolution of the Field

  • The first school museum

    First School Museum opened in St. Louis

  • The term "visual education" was created

    Was used in the book "Visual Education" which served as a guide for learning through the use of slides and stereographs

  • The first catalog of instructional films was published in the U.S

    The motion picture projector was used in schools

  • Thomas Edison proclaimed "Books will soon be obsolete in the schools"

    Thomas Edison believed it was possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with motion picture.
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    The visual instruction movement was growing

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    AudioVisual Instructional Movement

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    Radio broadcasting, sound recording, and sound motion pictures era

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    Visual Instruction to Audiovisual Instruction

  • Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT)

    Formative Period: 1923-1931

  • The Great Depression Began

  • 3 existing national professional organizations for visual instruction

    According to Saettler, this is known as one of the most significant events in instructional technology evolving

  • "Visualizing the Curriculum" was written

    Written by Charles F. Hoban, Sr., Charles F. Hoban Jr. and Stanley B. Zissman
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    WWII

  • U.S. enters World War II

    Visual training aids had a significant impact on training of military and civilian personnel.

  • Edgar Dale created the "Cone of Experience"

    Elaborated on the ideas of audiovisual media
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    The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives was written by Benjamin Bloom and colleagues

  • Instructional Television Period

    The Federal Communications Commission set aside 242 television channels for educational purposes

  • Federal government set aside 242 educational TV channels

  • B.F Skinner wrote "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching" which began a small education revolution

  • In response to Sputnik launching, the U.S put money into improving education

  • Robert Mager wrote "Preparing Objectives for Programmed Learning" to teach educators how to write proper objectives

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    Criterion-referenced testing began

    This became a model for creating media to be used in instruction

  • First official definition of the field approved by overseeing professional organization

  • Robert Gagne published "The Conditions of Learning"

    Describing 5 domains of learning outcomes
    The five domains included: verbal information, intellectual skills, psycho motor skills, attitudes, and cognitive strategies

  • The Carnegie Commission on Educational Television concluded

  • The systematic application of scientific or other organized knowledge to accomplish practical tasks

  • An instructional design model was adopted by U.S Military branches

    The purpose was to help assist the U.S Military in training and to better the quality of the training materials

  • AECT adopted a new definition of the field

    The Association for Educational Communication and Technology (AECT) adopted a new definition of the field.

  • Analysis phase of the planning process grabs attention among professionals in the field

    Definition statement was the first statement to mention the analysis phase of the planning process.

  • Personal computers became available to the general public

  • Computers were being used for instructional purposes

    In more than 40 percent of all elementary schools and more than 75 percent of all secondary schools computers were being used for instructional purposes.

  • Impact during early implementation of visual media

    During this time period, the impact of the visual instruction was limited due to teachers resisting to change, poor quality of films, and the cost of purchasing these resources.
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    Impacts in human performance improvement movement

  • AECT published a book containing a description of the field with a working definition

    The new definition encompassed five domains: design, development, utilization, management, and evaluation

  • The field of Instructional Technology is an area of research and study

    Statement describes the field in terms of theory and practice, emphasizing the notion that the field of instructional technology is not only an area of practice but also an area of research and study.

  • AECT definition does not describe the field as process oriented

  • Approximately 10 percent of students enrolled in institutions of higher learning were enrolled in online classes

  • 13 percent of business training occurred online

  • AECT published a book with a more current working definition

    New definition included the words ethical and facilitate in regard to learning. Including these words helped give more creativity to the field, as well as interpretation.

  • About 9 percent of middle school students and 10 percent of high school students were taking at least one online course

  • About 19 percent of middle school students and 30 percent of high school students were taking at least one online course

  • 32 percent of student enrolled in institutions of higher learning were taking online courses.

  • 41 percent of business training occurred online

  • A survey showed that 64 percent of college students used smartphones for their schoolwork at least two to three times a week