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indian national congress
The Indian National Congress is one of two major political parties in India. It was influential in the 20th-century Indian independence movement and dominated much of the republic's early political scene. -
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India Independence Movement
The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India. The first nationalistic revolutionary movement for Indian independence emerged from Bengal. India eventually won its freedom from British colonial rule in 1947, after many decades of struggle. -
Salt March
The Salt March, which took place from March to April 1930 in India, was an act of civil disobedience led by Mohandas Gandhi to protest British rule in India. The nonviolent march and other, similar marches resulted in the arrest of nearly 60,000 people, including Gandhi himself. -
Kenya Africa Union
The Kenya African Union was a political organization in colonial Kenya, formed in October 1944 prior to the appointment of the first African to sit in the Legislative Council. In 1960 it became the current Kenya African National Union (KANU). -
Pan Africanism
Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all indigenous and diasporas of African ancestry. Ignoring Arabic North Africa and concentrating on the solidarity between black Africans and AfroAmericans. -
Partition
The Partition of India in 1947 was the change of political borders and the division of other assets that accompanied the dissolution of the British Raj in South Asia and the creation of two independent dominions: India and Pakistan.
Muslims left India for Pakistan, mostly heading west, while Hindus and Sikhs made the opposite journey. As many as 20 million people fled. -
Accra riots
Veterans of WW2, who had fought with the Gold Coast Regiment of the Royal West African Frontier Force, organized a peaceful demonstration marching to Christiansborg Castle, Accra, Gold Coast (Ghana), to hand in a petition to the colonial governor, demanding that they receive an end of war benefits and pay which they had been promised. -
detention camps
Two types of work camps were set up. The first type was based in Kikuyu districts with the stated purpose of achieving the Swynnerton Plan; the second were punitive camps, designed for the 30,000 Mau Mau suspects who were deemed unfit to return to the reserves. -
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Mau Mau Rebellion
The Mau Mau uprising was a significant turning point in Kenyan history and a key element in Kenya’s path to independence from British colonization. -
National liberation front
A political organization formed by the Vietcong in South Vietnam in 1960 to carry out an insurgent policy. -
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Algerian War for Independence
The movement for independence began during WW1 and gained momentum after French promises of greater self-rule in Algeria went unfulfilled after WW2. -
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Ghana Independence Movement
Kwame Nkrumah, the leader of the Convention People's Party, which began in 1949, encouraged the nationalist movement demanding immediate independence and led a campaign of nonviolent 'positive action' influenced by Gandhi and India's struggle for independence. -
pass laws
Pass laws were designed to control the movement of Africans under apartheid. These laws evolved from regulations imposed by the Dutch and British in the 18th and 19th-century slave economy of the Cape Colony -
The Bantustans
The Bantustans were created by the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act of 1959, which abolished indirect representation of blacks in Pretoria and divided Africans into ten ethnically discrete groups, each assigned a traditional “homeland.” -
mass removals
during the 1950s and 1960s, large-scale removals of Africans, Indians, and Coloureds were carried out to implement the Group Areas Act, which mandated residential segregation throughout the country. More than 860,000 people were forced to move in order to divide and control racially-separate communities at a time of growing organized resistance to apartheid in urban areas; the removals also worked to the economic detriment of Indian shop owners. -
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Congo Independence movement
A nationalist movement in the Belgian Congo demanded the end of colonial rule: this led to the country's independence on 30 June 1960. Minimal preparations had been made and many issues, such as federalism, tribalism, and ethnic nationalism, remained unresolved. -
sharpeville massacre
police officers in a black township in South Africa opened fire on a group of people peacefully protesting oppressive pass laws, killing 69. -
assasanation of Patrice Lumumba
Patrice Lumumba, the first legally elected prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), was assassinated on 17 January 1961. -
london conference 1962
Kenya African Democratic Union ministers and British government officials meet in London to negotiate the country's future. -
Nelson Mandela sentenced to life in prison
Charged with sabotage, treason, and violent conspiracy, Mandela admitted to many of the charges against him and eloquently defended his militant activities during the trial. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. Mandela spent the first 18 of his 27 years in jail at the brutal Robben Island prison. -
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Cambodian Civil War
Eight years before the genocide began, Cambodia was engaged in a bloody civil war. The war pitted the Cambodian monarchy, and later the Cambodian Republic, and its allies, including the United States, against the Cambodian communists. The communists received support from the neighboring Vietcong. -
South Africa expelled from UN
The General Assembly suspends South Africa from participating in its work, due to international opposition to the policy of apartheid. -
Khmer Rouge
The Khmer Rouge was a brutal regime that ruled Cambodia, under the leadership of Marxist dictator Pol Pot, from 1975 to 1979. Pol Pot’s attempts to create a Cambodian “master race” through social engineering ultimately led to the deaths of more than 2 million people in the Southeast Asian country. -
student uprising
Between 3000 and 10 000 students mobilized by the South African Students Movement's Action Committee supported by the BCM marched peacefully to demonstrate and protest against the government’s directive. The march was meant to culminate at a rally in Orlando Stadium. -
Nelson Mandela released from prison
Mandela was released unconditionally on 11 February 1990, after spending 27 years in prison. This release happened after the Apartheid government had previously offered him conditional freedom in 1985. -
South Africa referendum
The referendum allowed the voters to vote on a bill at an election before it took force as law. In Cape Town (a left-wing stronghold) and Durban 85% voted "yes" and in Pretoria over 57% voted "yes". Only Pietersburg in the Northern Transvaal, a rural right-wing stronghold, voted "no" with 57%. -
Nelson Mandelas Inauguration
An anti-apartheid activist, leader of Umkhonto We Sizwe, lawyer, and former political prisoner, Mandela was inaugurated as President of South Africa.