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THE SERIES METHOD (Gouin Experience)
Language learning is primarily a matter of transforming perceptions into conceptions. Language is used to represent conceptions. Language is a means of thinking, of representing the world to oneself. Language was easily understood, stored, recalled, and related to reality. -
THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD (XIX Century)
Also known as "the Classical Method" (during the XVIII century).
It focused on grammatical rules, memorization of vocabulary and of various declensions and conjugations, translations of texts, doing written exercises.
It was a method without technique. -
THE DIRECT METHOD
L2 Learning should be more like L1 Learning: lots of oral interaction, spontaneous use of the language, no translation between L1 and L2 and little or no analysis of grammatical rules.
Weak theoretical foundations. -
Period: to
THE AUDIOLINGUAL METHOD
Great deal of oral activity: pronunciation and pattern drills and conversation practice. Materials were carefully prepared, tested and disseminated to educational institutions.
Language was not really acquired through a process of habit formation and overlearning; errors were not necessarily to be avoided at all costs, and structural linguistics did not tell us everything about language that we needed to know. -
Edward Anthony
His purpose was to provide much-needed coherence to the conception and representation of elements that constitute language teaching. The tripartite framework is hierarchical in the sense that approach informs method, and method informs technique. -
The Community Language Learning
In order for any learning to take place, group members first needed to interact in an interpersonal relationship in which students and teacher joined together to facilitate learning in a context of valuing each individual in the group. Teacher as counselor. L1 was translated into L2, followed by repetition. -
The Silent Way
It was characterized by a problem-solving approach to learning. Students constructed conceptual hierarchies of their own that were a product of the time they invested: learning by discovering by oneself various facts and principles. Students should develop independence, autonomy, and responsibility.
It was too harsh a method. -
Total Physical Response
Children, in learning their L1, appear to do a lot of listening before they speak, and those listenings were accompanied by physical responses. In the TPR classroom, students did a great deal of listening and acting, the teacher was an instructor. -
Suggestopedia
A method for learning that capitalized on relaxed states of mind for maximum retention of material. Music was central.
It is an attempt to teach memorization techniques and it is not devoted to the far more comprehensive enterprise of language acquisition. -
The Natural Approach
It was aimed at the goal of basic personal communication skills. The teacher provides comprehensible input, and creates interesting and stimulating classroom activities. -
Jack Richards (1982) and Theodore Rodgers (1986)
They proposed a system that is broader in its scope and wider in its implications. They do not mention the term "method" on their hierarchy; they preferred to use it as an umbrella term to refer to the broader relationship between theory and practice in language teaching -
MODERN language teaching efforts
Comparative chart.
Anthony's definitions vs. Richards & Rodgers' definitions
