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First cmputer used for instruction.
Computer-driven flight simulator trains MIT pilots. -
Behaviorist Theory: B.F. Skinner
-Learning is an activity that occures inside the mind and can be inferred only by observed behaviors.
-Behaviors are shaped by "contigencies of reinforcement" to shape desired responses: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment.
B.F. Skinner -
First computer used with school children.
IBM 650 computer teaches binary arithmetic in NYC. -
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University time-sharing systems.
Faculty/students in universities across te country use mainframe systems for programming and shared utilities. -
Information-processing theory.
-Learning is encoding information into memory
-Encoding begins with attention
-Application ensures transfer to memory
-Practice reinforces retention and aids recal
---Three types of stores:
--sensory registers to recieve information
--short-term or working memory to hold it temporarily
--long-term memory to store information indefinately -
Systems Theory and Systematic Instructional Design.
-Became common in the 1970s and 1980s
-Learning is fostered by using a system of instruction based on behaviorist information processing, and cognitive behaviorist theories.
-An instructional system is designed by stating goals and objectives; doing task analysis to set a learning sequence; matching assessment and instruction to objectives; creating materials; and field testing and revising materials. -
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Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) movement emerges.
Large-scale, federally funded university projects use mainframe/minicomputer systems with schools. -
Discovery Learning: Jerome Bruner
-Learning is cognitive growth through interaction with the environment
-Children are more likely to understand and remember concepts that they discover during their interactions with the environment.
-Teachers support discovery learning by providing opportunities for exploring and manipulating objects and doing experiments. -
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Mainframe and minicomputer applications dominate field.
Schools begin using computers for instruction and administration. CDC president William Norris (1977) announces PLATO will revolutionize instuction. -
First microcomputer enter schools.
Using desktop systems, classroom teachers begin to take back control of instrucitonal and administrative applications from district data-processing offices. -
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Microcomputer applications spawn movements.
Field focuses on software publishing initiatives and teacher authoring software. The computer literacy computers-as-tools approach gives way to Logo's computer-based, problem-solving approach. -
Cognitive-Behavioral Theory: Robert Gagné
-Learning is shaped by providing optimal instructional conditions.
-Conditions include the nine events of instruction according to the type of skill being taught and a skills hierarchy approach that presents simple skills and builds to complex ones. -
Multiple Intelligence Theory: Howard Gardner
-Learning is shaped by innate intelligences:
-Linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, naturalist -
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Integrated learning systems (ILSs) emerge.
Schools begin to see ILS networked systems as cost-effective solutions for instruction to address required standardsl marks movement away from stand-alone systems and toward central server with connected computers. -
Social Activism Theory: John Dewey
-Became popular in the early 1990s/
-Learning is individual growth that comes about through social experiances.
-Growth is fostered through hands-on activities connected to real-world issues and problems.
-School curriculum should arise from students' interests and be taught as integrated topics, rather than as isolated skills. -
Scaffolding Theory: Lev Vygotsky
-Learning is cognitive developement shaped by individual differences and the influence of culture.
-Adults and children perceive the world differently. The difference between them is the Zone of Proximal Developement.
-Adults support learning through scaffolding, or helping children build on what they already know. -
World Wide Web (WWW) is born.
First browser (Mosaic) transforms a formerly text-based internet into a combination of text and graphics. Teachers enter the "Information Superhighway." -
International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) creates standards.
ISTE sponsors creation of National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) to guide technology skills, first for students, then for teachers and administrators. -
The National Education Technology Standards (NETS first published.
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High Speed inter net on the rise
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Internet use explodes.
Online and distance learning increases in higher education, then in K - 12 schools. -
No Child Left Behind Act was passed.
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International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE).
Issues newm updated standards for teachers, students, and administrators.
