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Jan 1, 1395
Johannes Gutenberg's Birth
Johannes Gutenberg was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer, and publisher who revolutionized European literature by introducing the continent to the printing press. By doing so, he sparked the beginning of the Printing Revolution. His invention of the printing press was based on adaptations towards the pressing machines used to make wine in the Rhineland. -
Jan 1, 1450
The Printing Press comes to Europe
Johannes Gutenberg printed the first European book, which was a Bible. He did this with the help of another invention of Chinese origin, paper. This type of print worked very well for Latin and Latin-based languages. This was monumental, because, within fifty years, this would completely revolutionize the idea of European literature, and would allow for mass printing of texts across the continent. -
Jan 1, 1450
Gutenberg Bible
The Gutenberg Bible was the first book printed in Europe using the movable printing press, created by Johannes Gutenberg. This book marked the beginning of the printing revolution, which focused on literature and the means of producing such. This book was a Latin representation of the Vulgate, a fourth-century translation of the Bible. The book carries an iconic status, and is considered to be one of the most valuable books to this day. -
Period: Jan 1, 1543 to
Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolution was an uproar in advancements made in the subjects of science, mathematics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry. It began when Galileo and Copernicus developed a theory in 1543 of heliocentrism. Throughout this period, many scientists faced judgement and exhile from the Catholic Church, who rejected many ideas proposed to them, and instead following religious explanation. -
Feb 15, 1564
Galileo is Born
Galileo Galilei was an Italian scientist who focused on subjects such as physics, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and engineering in order to make advances in the scientific revolution. One of Galileo's greatest accomplishments, as well as most controversial, was the theory of heliocentrism, which was controversial because the accepted theory was that of geocentrism. In response to this, the Church accused him of heresy and confined him to house arrest for the rest of his life. -
Apr 23, 1564
William Shakespeare is Baptised (birth date unknown)
Essentially, William Shakespeare was the theatrical conception of the Renaissance. Arising in the latter stage of this movement, which moved Europe away from the Dark Ages, towards a more intelligent Europe, he took these concepts and applied them to the theater.He did so by revolutionizing the way English literature was written, giving it a more dynamic style. He also implied the movement into his theater by incorporating Greek and Roman literature previously suppressed by the Church. -
Thomas Hobbes is Born
Hobbes was an English philosopher whose impact was greatest in politics. His views of deductive reasoning, narrowing down general statements to a specific conclusion, were obtained from his French friend Rene Descartes. He applied this reasoning to political structure. He concluded that abosolute monarchy was the best, but rejected "Divine Rule", and instead believed that humans were selfish and needed someone to make decisions for them. He published his ideas in his book, Leviathan. -
King Charles I is Born
King Charles I succeeded Queen Elizabeth and faced much resentment from Puritans due to religious inequality and heavy taxation. Tension exploded, and Charles went to war with Spain and rebels in France, which caused issues with Parliament since they wouldn't approve his taxation. This battle continued with Parliament, as he disbanded petitions to protest, and arrested members of Parliament on accounts of treason. He was beheaded in 1649, which marked the end of the English civil war. -
John Locke is Born
Locke was an English philosopher who is regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of the Enlightenment. He applied inductive reasoning to politics and believed that a strong social order is based on an agreement between officials and citizens. He argued that while citizens give up some of their rights to government, the government in turn protects their basic rights of "life, liberty and property." -
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English Civil War
The English civil war was the conflict between the soldiers of King Charles I and Puritan soldiers led by Oliver Cromwell. The war was the result of Charles I arresting members of Parliament under treason. The end of the war came when King Charles I was captured and beheaded by Puritan forces. -
Sir Isaac Newton
Newton was a physicist and mathematician who played a key role in the scientific revolution. His book, principia, laid the foundation for classical mechanics, and he also built the first practical reflecting telescope. His greatest scientific contribution is that he created a new systematic approach to science by creating the universal law of gravitation. -
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The Englightenment
The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement in Europe which emphasized the application of reasoning, as opposed to religious reasoning. The movement also focused on individualism, the idea that individuals can accomplis h things as opposed to an authority such as the Church. The Age of Enlightenment was sparked by efforts from people such as Francis Bacon, who believed in inductive reasoning. -
Leviathan is Published
Written by Thomas Hobbes, and the name is derived from the biblical figure. The book focuses on social structure and government, and is considered one of the first influential pieces towards the social contract theory. The book argues that the best form of government is an absolute monarchy, and was written during the English civil war. -
Principia is Published
Principia highlights Newton's mathematical discoveries, such as his famous laws of motion. He drew inspiration from previous scientists like Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo, and created mathematical advances in calculus and advances in optics as, as well. This book is considered one of the most important books ever written in both science and mathematical fields. -
Baron de Montesquieu is born
Montesquieu was a French political thinker and social philosopher during the age of Englightenment. He believed that as societies become more advanced, their political systems would become more liberal. Following along the lines of Locke, he believed that the judicial branch should remain untouched by the executive branches. He is most famously known for writing The Spirit of the Laws. -
Two Treatises of Government
This book was published anonymously by John Locke, and was about political philosophy. The first treatise refutes patriachalism, explained by Robert Filma. The second treatise demonstrates Locke's ideas for a civilized society based on natural rights. -
Voltaire is Born
Volaire, the pen name of Francois-Marie Arouet, was one of the most influential writers of the Enlightenment who used satire to criticize the issues within French society. He was a philosophe, one of the many French itellectuals who promoted the Enlightenment. In his most famous piece, Cadide, he highlighted all of the injustices and wrongs of French society around him. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau is Born
Rousseau was a philosopher, writer, and composer whose philosohpies greatly influenced the French revolution, along the lines of Maximilien Robespierre. He argued that democracy, or a state expressing the opinions of the people, was the only form of accpetable government. He also rejected the checks envisioned by Montesquieu, and instead promoted a "Republic of Virtue". -
Adam Smith is Born
Adam Smith was a Scottish philosopher who played a key role in the Enlightenment. He is considered the father of modern economics for his book, The Wealth of Nations. Smith argued that the best form of economy was laissez-faire, which encouraged a government-free, open market. He also argued that economic productivity is based on division of labor. -
Cottage Industry
The cottage industry refers to the period in time in which goods and services were created by hand in homes, as opposed to factories. This part of the industrial revolution involved merchants preferring the creation of things such as clothing and textiles meant for sale to be made by hand. Due to this system involving homes, it is also referred to as the domestic system. -
James Watt is Born
Watt was a Scottish inventor and engineer who is best known for his improvements on the steam engine. His improvements on this provided monumental progress in trasportation and manufacturing demands during the industrial revolution. His improvements on the engine, such as the steam jacket and separate steam condenser chamber, made the engine much more fuel efficient. He began working on these improvements after he was asked to repair a Newcomen engine, which he found hopelessly ineffecient. -
Thomas Jefferson is Born
Thomas Jefferson accomplished many things in his lifetime, but is most well known for writing the Declaration of Independence and becoming the third President of the United States. A few years before the French revolution, Jefferson was in France as an ambassador for the United States. He was the first secretary of state, and, while President, remained neutral during the Napoleonic Wars. He also doubled the size of the United States by purchasing the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon in 1803. -
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Toussaint was the second leader of the Haitian Revolution, following efforts by Boukman. He was revered for his military and political leadership skills, and was successful in the liberation of Haiti. He was especially talented with words, being able to gain the alliance of both fighting slaves, as well as whites and gens de couleur. -
The Spirit of Laws
This book was a treatise regarding political theory, and was anonymously published by Montesquieu. This treatise argued the limitations on the government's power, as well as the distribution of power throughout social classes. The Catholic Church added the book to the list of prohibited books in 1751, but its infuence spread very quickly due to the fact that it was translated very rapidly after publication. -
Factory System
The factory system was essentially the replacement to the cottage industry, and utilized machinery in order to manufacture goods in a factory. This system is characterized by machinery, and other components such as unskilled labor. The factory system unfortunately brought long hours and high risk of injury along with its industrial impact of revolutionizing production of goods. -
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Agricultural Revolution
The agricultural revolution was the uncontrolled growth of agriculture in Britain, which was the result of increased labor and land. There were also agricultural improvements during this time, such as the draining of marshes, crop rotations, and the crossbreeding of farm animals. Another cause of this revolution was the ability of wealthy farmers like Joseph Banks to invest in experimental technology. -
First Application of Electricity
The first practical application of electricity was discovered by Benjamin Franklin, who realized that electricity and lightning were the same thing. Electricity would eventually be used by inventors such as Thomas Edison, who would invent the lightbulb, which revolutionized lighting in terms of safety (oil lamps had a tendency to catch fire).This would aid in the industrial revolution because Michael Faraday's research would eventually lead to coiled electricity, which could be used practically. -
Miguel Hidalgo is Born
Hidalgo was a Jesuit priest who would eventually lead the Mexican war of independence. He had gained interest from Indians and mestizos by trying to aid in the poverty-stricken lives, which resulted in the suspicion by criollos. After moving into Mexico City with an army, he was defeated by Spanish elite, and accused a heretic by the Catholic Church and executed in 1811. -
King Louis XVI is Born
King Louis XVI believed he was too young to rule over France, and contributed to the French revolution due to the fact that he could not repair the country's economic and fiscal crisis. He was resented by the people of France because of his lavished lifestyle and talent for gorging on tremendous amounts of food. The unjust taxation system used as an attempt to fix the economy exempted royalty,which further contributed to the revolution. Eventually he was arrested and executed for treason in 1793 -
Marie Antoinette is Born
Born the archduchess of Austria, married King Louis XVI and became Queen of France. She would become to be known as "Madamme Deficit" for spending all of the French government's money on herself. In October of 1793, she was tried for treason against the revolution and executed by means of guillotine. -
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Industrial Revolution
Arguably the greatest or worst accomplishment of humans, the industrial revolution was characterized by a demand for manufactured goods and raw materials to make these goods. Beginning in England, the economy became reliant on factories as opposed to small merchants. Negatively, the industrial revolution brought poor working conditions, child labor, and dangerous working envrionments due to heavy machinery. -
The Social Contract
Written by Jean-Jaques Rousseau, the book highlighted the ways in which Rousseau thought would be the best political system in times of crises. Essentially, he beilieved in socialism since he questioned whether or not it made sense to have an authority in power. He believed that everyone should have to give up the smae amount of rights in return for the same benefits. -
Jose Maria Morelos is Born
Morelos was a Roman Catholic priest who played a role of leadership in the Mexican war of independence. He led three major campaigns which set out to capture a vast majority of land dominated by Spanshi royalists. On his fourth campaign, however, he was captured and brought to Mexico City where he was tried and executed for treason. -
Napoleon Bonaparte is Born
Napoleon I was a military commander who declared himself the emperor of France after the French revolution. He originally took power after launching a coup d'etat, which overthrew the directory and established a consolate. He attempted to expand French territory, but failed and was abdicated after being defeated by Great Britain. He eventually died in 1915 while in exhile, after a brief return to power. -
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American Revolution
The American revolution began as the result of British invasion at Concord, Massachusetts, due to the secret stockpiling of arms by the militia. Another cause of the war was the disagreeing views towards western expansion in North America between the British and colonists. Since there was also unfair taxation and lack of representation of colonists in the British Parliament, the Boston Tea Party was a major revolutionary catalyst. The Declaration of Independence was signed after more conflct. -
The Wealth of Nations
Originally written by economic thinker Adam Smith, this book stresses the self-regulating power of markets. The book emphasizes the idea of laissez-faire, which was an ecnomic philosophy that argued that free markets allowed for the greatest economic growth. Smith's work is still regarded as one of the most important economic pieces ever written, -
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence was originally drafted on July 2, 1776 by Thomas Jefferson. It was then edited and altered by Congress. The document stated the official separation of the thirteen colonies in North America from Great Britain. -
Independence Date of USA
The independence of the United States originally came from the separation of the thirteen British colonies from Great Britain. The separation was made official with the signatures of the 56 delegates on the Declaration of Independence. Ultimately, the independence of the United States was simply a result of the American revolutio. -
Steam Engine
While he was not the first to invent the steam engine, James Watt perfected the already-created model. His most important improvements were steam jacket around the cylinder in order to maintain a constant temperature for the steam and a steam condesing chamber separate from that of the piston chamber. These two minor improvements increased overall efficiency to the point of saving 75% on coal costs for fuel. -
Jose de San Martin is Born
San Martin was an Argentine general who led southern Latin America to independence. Previously, he had fought in Spanish campaigns in Africa, but returned to South America and first fought in the Peninsular war against France. His most revered accomplishment was partnering with Simon Bolivar and liberating Peru from the most powerful Spanish viceroyality. -
Simon Bolivar is Born
Simon Bolivar is regarded as one of the most important leaders in the fight for independence in Latin America. He was a Venezuelan revolutionary who led military forces through Ecuador, Colombia, and many other countries. Due to his powerful influence, he is now known simply as "El Libertador". -
First Estates
The First Estate was at the top of the French social hierarchy, which consisted of the Church officials. The Estate was divided into the higher and lower clergy. The higher clergy being noble clergy born from the second estate, making up about ten percent of the first estate. The lower clergy, about ninety percent of the first estate, consisted of priests, nuns, and monks. -
Second Estates
The Second Estate consisted of French nobility, and stood in the middle of French hierarchy and social order. The only nobility who stood outside of this social class was the monarch himself, who was exempt of the three estates. The second estate was subdivided into the nobility involved with the government, as well as the nobility involved in the military. This estate accounted for two percent of the French population. -
American Constitution
The Consitution is the document which is the ultimarte overarching law of the United States. This document created a unified structure for all of the United States, and provided a bicameral legislature, as well as an independent executive and judicial branch. Lastly, it incorporates a Bill of Rights. -
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French Revolution
A major cause of the French revolution was the unfair taxation and social order in France at the time, as well as the unfair distribution of wealth. This, accompanied by probing thoughts from the philosophes, drove the third estate to revolution in order to attain equality. The revolution ended with the ascension of Napoleon I to power. -
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The National Assembly
The National Assembly essentially created and put the French revolution into action. The Assembly was the creation of the third estate, after their attempts for change failed during the Estates-General. They created the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and forced king to sign their newfound constitution. -
Bastille Day
Bastille day refers to the day that commerates the beginning of the French revolution, in which the Bastille fortress was stormed and destroyed. The Bastille was a symbol of monarchic power, since influential people who were against monarchs were often sent there. The main goal of the storming of the Bastille was to gain gunpowder for the National Guard of revolutionary France. -
Declaration of the Rights on Man and Citizen
This is a fundemental document for the French revolution, which defines the individual and multiple rights of the three estates. These rights were to be universal and valid anywhere at anytime. This became the building block of equally-incline government which would subdue the injustice of the separation of the three estates. -
Jacobins
The Jacobins were regarded as the most radical group in the National Convention. Their leader, Maximilien Robespierre, would eventually rule over the Reign of Terror, which sought out to confiscate lands from authorities and beheaded forty-thousand people, giving the guillotine its notoriety. A growing resentment toward the radicalism of the Jacobins eventually led to the execution of Robespierre in 1794. -
Estates General
The Estaes-General was essentially a meeting of the three estates in Paris, in which each estate would send representative delegates. The purpose of this would be to reach conclusive answers on propositions made by the various estates. The issue that arose with this Estates-General is that usually the first and second estates would team up against the third estate, in order to negate any decision they would make, which allowed for the first two estates to remain in majority power. -
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Haitian Revolution
Hati, France's richest colony, sought liberation initially when conflict arose between the whites and the gens de couleur, who wanted equality following the French revolution. By 1791, civil war broke out between these two groups, and while ending slavery was not a goal of either group, the conflict allowed for the only successful slave uprising, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. Haiti would eventually gain independence when Napoleonic forces, there to restore order, were expelled. -
A Vindication of the Right of Women
This book was written by Mary Wollstonecraft in order to establish a position in the Enlightenment for women. It is regarded as one of the earliest works of feminist philosophy. She was inspired to write this after reading a report to the National Assembly which said that women should only receive a domestic education. Essentially, the book was a response to those who believed that it was fair to say that women did not need an education. -
King Louis XVI Executed by Guillotine
The execution of King Louis XVI was the result of the Legislative Assembly declaring France a republic, and therefore doing aaway with the idea of a monarchy. After doing so, the accused the King of treason and found him guilty, and had him beheaded. Louis XVI had attempted to avoid this by escaping France and gaining power through the aid of other European monarchs, but was stopped at the gates of Paris and jailed in his own palace. -
Committee on Public Safety
The Committee on Public Safety replaced democratic institutions, which would conduct a Reign of Terror by beheading forty-thousand people. Its sole purpose was to crush any efforts against the revolution and to protect it by doing so. Ocurring during the radicalist Jacobin movement during the revolution, they were successful in protecting the republic against Austrian and Prussian invasions. -
Capitalism
Capitalism is a social and economic system in which trade and manufacture are managed by private companies in a laissez-faire market in order to make a profit. Industrial capitalism arose during the industrial revolution in England, in which capitalist power switched from merchnats to the leaders of factories. Capitalism challenged the views of traditional European mercantilism. -
Interchangeable Parts
Interchangeable parts, developed for guns originally by Eli Whitney, made the repair of machines and guns much easier. This was because it was inexpensive to create these parts, and the only downside was that the reliability and efficiency of the item degraded slightly. This was essential to the industrial revolution due to the high amount of machinery which would require repair. -
Bank of France
Prior to the creation of the Bank of France, ten to fifteen banks controlled France's financial stability. However, these banks were led by Protestants who essentially contributed to the French revolution. Napoleon monopolized the banking system by creating one national bank, which would aid in the stabilization of French finances. -
Napoleonic Code
A system of laws which helped to fulfill the dreams of the philosophes. The code was created under Napoleon's rule, and recognized the equality of all French citizens. The code was achieved through deductive reasoning, which was conceptualized during the period of Enlightenment. -
Independence Date of Haiti
As the revolution reached France's richest colony, the gens de couleur began to realize the unfair treatment by the whites. A civil war then broke out between these two groups, and in 1792, French forces were sent to the island in order to restore stability. Then, Toussaint L'Ouverture took power as leader of the Haitian revolution, following Boukman, and defeated Napolean-sent forces in order to gain independence from the European country. -
Independence Date of Ecuador
With the abdication of the Spanish king by Napoleon, Spanish colonies had a growing support for independence. Ecuador believed that the Spanish authorities were no longer needed or valid because of this, which in turn caused an outrage by these Spanish authorities. This would spark the war of independence from 1822-1824, in which the entirety of Ecuador would separate from Spanish colonial rule. -
Independence Date of Colombia
Colombian independence arose from tension which occured when more and more creoles were agreeing with Camilo Tenorio wrote of Spanish offenses against creoles. There had been pressure created when revolts in Quito were suppressed, and revolts in the East had resulted in independence of small states. Finally, Colombian partriots forced the viceroy into allowing limited independence, which would eventually turn into a permanent one. -
Independence Date of Mexico
The Mexican war of independence lasted from 1810-1821 between Mexican insurgents and Spanish royalities. The revolution was caused by an age of enlightenment and liberation near the end of the eighteenth century, in which the educated Mexicans began to reflect on their Spanish authorites. The war ended when Miguel Hidalgo led forces into Mexico City and fought the Spanish viceroy's army and was victorious. -
Independence Date of Chile
The war of independence of Chile lasted from 1810-1821 between Chilean criollos, who wanted political and economic independence, and the Spanish viceroyality of Peru. The war ended when remaining Spaniards were expelled from mainland Chile. The declaration of Chilean independence was officially accepted by Spain in 1844, in which diplomatic relationships were established. -
Independence Date of Paraguay
A colony whose value was debatable, the Spanish viceroyality of Peru did not decide to put any Spanish militants in Parguay, who instead relied on a military of colonials. This, in turn, allowed for easier rebellion from paraguayan insurgents. They overthrew their Spanish government, and first replaced them with dictator Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia, who limited outside contact and ruled based on Jean-Jaques Rousseau's The Social Contract. -
Independence Date of Venezuela
The Venezuelan wars of independence lasted from 1811-1823 between American-born patriots led by Simon Bolivar against Spanish royalists. Venezuela declared its independence in 1811, but its first republic collapsed after a huge earthquak in 1812 exploited its instability. Venezuela would eventually gain permanent independence after Bolivar's twelve year military campaign to win the tug-of-war with Spanish reconquest in 1830, when it broke away from Gran Colombia, a short-lived republic. -
Independence Date of Argentina
Argentine independence was declared after a series of wars from 1810-1818 between patriots of the provinces of Rio de la Plata and Spanish royalities. These forces were led by Jose de San Martin and other commanders, which resulted in the collapse of Spanish rule and the partial abolishing of slavery. Independence was officially declared when an assembly met in San Miguel de Tucuman, which also called for the development of a national constitution. -
Karl Marx
Karl Marx was a German philosopher who developed economic and social theories collectively known as Marxism, which were eventually published in The Communist Manifesto. His main belief was that capitalism, which was run by the wealthy who dictated the lives of the working class, would be overun by socialism, which supports equality and a lack of social class. He is considered one of the most influential people in history for being the base of many socialist revolutions. -
Independence Date of Peru
The struggle of Peruvian independence lasted from 1811-1821 between the United Liberating Army and the Spanish viceroyality of Peru. Upper Peru had originally been liberated from this viceroyality by indigenous peoples in 1781, and lower Peru was eventually liberated by Jose de San Martin in 1821. This was made possible when military campaigns from San Martin and Simon Bolivar had been successful, as well as efforts from Juntas during the Peninsular War. -
Independence Date of Brazil
Brazil proclaimed their independece after political struggles which lasted from 1821-1824. These political issues arose after the Brazilian Empire demanded freedom from Portuguese rule, sparked by the Constitutionalist revolution in Portugal, in which King Dom Joao VI was to return to power in the Kingdom of Portugal, Brasil, and the Algarves. A war of independence broke out between Brasilian and Portuguese forces in February of 1822, which ended in November of 1823, Brasil being victorious. -
Independence Date of Bolivia
Bolivian independence was achieved after a war which lasted from 1809-1825 between bolivian rebels and the Spanish government. There had been constant attempts at defeating the Spanish royalists who were in control of territories, but they continued to restablish their control. Finally, after victories in northern South America, Simon Bolivar and Antonio Jose de Sucre led a military campaign in upper Peru which permanently ended the reign of Spanish royalists. -
Independence Date of Uruguay
The fight for independence of Uruguay from Spanish authorities lasted from 1811-1830, which began when Jose Artigas led a rebellion at the Battle of Las Piedras, which was victorious. Being part of the Banda Oriental, Uruguay was denied power in the assembly of Buenos Aires, and Artigas broke away from the countries controlling them. With much war and support from Argentina, Uruguay was able to declare independence, who developed their first constitution in 1830 and became their own nation. -
Communism
Communism is a form of extreme socialism, based on common ownership, absence of social class, and equality in society as a whole. The idea of communism was first developed by Karl Marx, and famously adapted by Vladimir Lenin I. The most famous example of communism is that of the USSR, which negatively applied communism and rivaled the democratic ideals of the Western World. -
The Communist Manifesto
Written by political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, the book contains their theories on society and politics. Importantly, it highlights how they thought that capitalism would be replaced by socialism, which would be replaced by communism. The goal of this book was to cause an uprise in the more industrialized European countries like France and Germany, but instead sparked revolutionary thought in Russia. -
Bessemer Process
Developed by Henry Bessemer, the process was an inexpensive way to mass produce steel from crude iron. The process works by taking out impurities in molten iron by oxidation when air is blown through it. This process also greatly increased the speed of production of steel, and was the building block of the industrial revolution of the nineteenth century. -
Discovery of Petroleum
Petroleum was known for thousands of years, but its commercial use was not considered until roughly 1859, when Edwin Drake's well was considered the first modern well because it started a boom for oil. The demand grew throughout the latter 1800s due to the need for oil lamps and kerosene. The exponential drilling of oil, even to this day, has been the result of the development of the internal combustion engine, which has maintained an immense demand for oil. -
Vladimir Lenin
Lenin played a role in the communist revolution, and served as a politician during the collapse of the Russian empire. Lenin essentially led the Bolshevik party to control Europe during the Russian Revolution of 1917, which served as his opportunity to take power due to the growing hatred of the tsarist government for the costs of WWI. After taking control, Lenin led the USSR, a dictatorship thought to be a republic, and, under his rule, the first Soviet labor camps were created. -
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Mexican Revolution
The Mexican revolution began in 1910 when an uprising led by Francisco Madero against Porfirio Diaz occured. The revolution eventually became a civil war with many changes in power. Counter-revolutionary forces were led by federal troops and the German Empire, while rebels had the support of the United States and British Empire. Finally, in 1917, a constitution was drafted for the country of Mexico, and the war ended in 1920. -
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Russian Revolution
The Russian revolution involves the series of events in 1917 which dismantled the tsarist autocracy. In the first revolution, in February, the tsar was forced to abdicate and was replaced with a provisional government. The second revolution, occuring in October, dismantled the provisional government and replaced it with the Bolshevik communist party being in power. -
The Guillotine
The guillotine, invented by Doctor Joseph Guillotin in order to perform more humane executions, became the symbol of the French revolution. This is due to the Reign of Terror under the Jacobins Committee of Public Safety, in which forty-thousand people were beheaded by the guillotine. It is ironic that it is a symbol, since many of the philosophes found public excecutions especially gruesome.
