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Jan 1, 1398
Johannes Gutenberg
A German printer, publisher and inventor who created the first moveable in Europe and began the Printing Revolution. He produced a process to rapidly mass produce written works. He played a key role in Reformation, Enlightenment, and the Scientific Revolution. He died Feb 3, 1468. -
Jan 1, 1450
The Printing Press
The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg. It allowed education and easy access to replication of texts. Texts were printed by manual pressure on paper or another medium using moveable metal and black ink. -
Jan 1, 1455
Gutenberg Bible
The Gutenberg Bible was printed in Mainz Germany, and also was the first book printed using movable type in Europe. It is known for its artistic and beautiful covers, and was written in Latin. Known today to be the most valuable book in the world. -
Jan 1, 1550
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was known for its emersion of Modern science and discoveries in the fields of math, biology, astronomy, and physics. Many famous scientists arose from this era including Copernicus, Newton, Galileo, and Aristotle. The ideas and revelations that occurred during this time are still used and expanded upon today. -
Feb 15, 1564
Galileo
He was an Italian Physicist known for Astronomy and Math. He played a large role in the Scientifc Revolution. Galileo discovered the Phases of Venus, Sun spots, and the Satellites of Jupiter. He and Kepler togther therorized the way tides move and the attachments to the moon. He died on January 8, 1642. -
Apr 23, 1564
William Shakespeare
Shakespeare is a extremely well known poet, playwright and actor. He commonly wrote comedies and histories, but he is most well kown for writing famous tragedies. He collaborated with various other playwrights to create romances. Today he is a much more respected writer and poet than he was in his day. He died on April 23, 1616 at the age of 52, having created famous works such as Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet and Antony and Cleopatra. -
Thomas Hobbes
He created the foundation for Philosophy in the West. He was a strong believer of absolute sovernty and the author of Levianthan. Hobbes deveopled the fundamentals of Eastern European Liberal thought. -
King Charles I
King Charles was born in Dunfermline Scotland and was son of King James VI. He was a monarch and kIng of England, Ireland, and Scotland from 1625 to 1649. Many of his subjects did not agree with his policies or his attempts to tax citizens. He caused the beggining of the English Civil War and was removed from the throne. -
John Locke
He was a philosopher in England and was a very infulential member of the Enlightenment. He considered the Father of Classical Liberalisim. He infulenced the creation of political philosophy and Epistemology. he affected he writings of many other famous thinkers such as Voltaire and Rousseau. He died October 28, 1704. -
English Civil War
The War began with King Charles I raising his standard of government in the English Kingdom. It was a chain of militerisitc conflicts between the Parliamentarians and Royalists. The Parliamentarian side eventually won in 1651 in the Battle of Worcester in 1951. KIng Charles I was executed and King Charles II was exiled as a result, which began the Common Wealth of England then the Protectorate. -
Sir Isaac Newton
He was born in Lincolnshire, England. Newton was well known for his expertise in Physics, Math and Astronomy. His most famous discoveries were, the Universal Law of Gravitaion, Calculus and Newtonian Mechanics. Today his three laws of motion are universally accepted and well known. Another of Newtons important proceedings is his work with optics. He died on March 7, 1727. -
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was a point in time when western thought and cukture expanded. Democratic Revolutions occured and science, philosophy, politics and society flourised. The veiw of medeval times was quickly forgotten and became much more modernized. -
Levianthan
Was written by Thomas Hobbes and is formallly known as The Matter, Forme and Power of a Common Wealth Ecclesiasticall and Civil. The purpose of this book was to create a social contract. Hobbes explained that civil war could potentially be avoided by strong central government witin this novel. -
Principia
A three volume book about Mathmatical Prinicpals of Natural Philosophy written by Issac Newton. The books explain his laws of motion, gravitaion, and his collaboration with Kepler in the creation of the therory of planitary motion. Prinicipia is known for being a turning point in the base of physics. Calculus is used in his book and helps to identify the acceptance of his therories -
Two Treatises of Government
The Two Treatsies was a book written by John Locke filled with Political Philosophies. The First one targets Patriarchisim and the second treatsies targets John Lockes ideas on civilisied society based on natural rights. it was orinally published annonomusly. -
Baron de Montesquieu
A French social commentaor and polotical figure during the Enlightenment. He is most commonly known for his identification of seperation of powers whiched is still used today all over the world. He is also known for making the term fuedalisim popular. -
Voltaire
He was a French writer during the Enlightenment who was witty and faomously attacked the Catholic Church. He spoke in terms of Freedom of religion, Freedom of expression, and Separation of Church and State. He wrote books in all different forms including plays, poems, novels and essays. He critized relgion and French Insititutions. He died on May 30, 1778. -
Agricultural Revolution in Europe
The Agricultural Revolution that occured in Europe was a time period of advancements in productivity and farming tools and technology. Sickels, seed Drills, and Plows are only a few of the new tools that were created. Scientific breeding methods were discovered and farming became amuch more efficent and better job. The agricultural revolution was a prelude to the Idustrial revolution. -
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
He was a philospher, writer, and a composer who had a strong infulential power during the French Revolution. Jean was important to romantisim in fictional works. He wrote seven operas, and during his time was the most popular of the all of the philosophes. -
Adam Smith
He was a Scotish philosopher and helped in the foundation of polotical economy. He is known for two works, The Theroy of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature of and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. Smith is the "the father of Modern of Economics". -
James Watt
James was a Scottish inventor and a mecahnical engineer who improved the steam engine. It meant that factories did not have to depend on waer or animals to move goods. As a result factories no longer had to be built in certain locations allowing easy transportation access. His improvements on the steam engine also helped the Industrial revolution expand and the Americas and England would not have advanced in the fashion that it did. -
Thomas Jefferson
Jefferson is famously nown for being one of Americas founding father and was essential to writing the Declaration of Independence. Hes the third president of the United States of America. He was a major believer in democracy adn was the govenor of Virgina for a period of time. He was a majorly sucessful president. and Sent Loius and Clark on their expidition which doubled the size of the US, and purchased Lousianna. -
Toussaint L'Overture
L'Overture was vital in leading the Haitian Revolution, which also was the start of his military career in 1791. he led a slave rebellion in the Frech ruled Saint Domingue, and in 1802 he was foced to resign rom his miliraty position by the famous Napolean Bonaparte. -
The Spirit of Laws
It was originally published anonymously, and outlines 3 diffrent types of political systems. These systems included the Republican, Monarchy and Despotic. It also identifies with democratic republics which extend rights to their people. The sole difference between despotic government and monarchies lie in the set of laws that palce authority over the ruler. -
Electricity
Benjamin Franklin conducte4d long and much research into the idea of electricity and th discovery of it. Electricity was vital because it allowed us to expand the use of machines and enables us to see at night in dark areas making lives easier, even today. -
Miguel Hidalgo
Hidalgo was a rebel against the Spanish who caused the Mexican War of Independence against the Spanish. Native Mexicans or Indigenous and also the Mestizos were grouped together to fight the Spanish until they were captured in 1811. -
King Louis XVI
King Louis ruled france and Navarre from 1774-1791. He wed Marie Antoinette. During the French Revolution and the Third Estate did not agree with the King's ways. King Louis XVI was accused of treason after him and his wife attempter to flee the country. He was beheaded January 21, 1793. -
Marie Antoinette
Marie was born as the Archduchess of Austria and after marrying Louis the XVI of France she assumed the title of queen. She was highly disliked by the french and they accused he of being Profligate, Promiscuous and Harbouring sympathies for French enemies. She was later convicted of treason and executed by beheadment October 16, 1793. -
The Industrial Revolution
It marks a major turning point in history, which was the transition from handmade production to machinery methods and chemical manufacturing. Iorn processes were used, water power and electricity improved efficency and the steam engine was born. -
The Social Contract
The Social Contract was written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau about the most sucsessful way to build social community. The goal of the work was to identify weither people were better off under a political authority or not. Under this socail contract everyone was free, due to the equality of rights and duties. -
Steam Engine
James Watt improoved the the technology of the steam engine designed in 1712 called Newcomen. The new engine was the first of its type and up stwam to use by building up pressure. Steam engines were used in great effect to run locomotives and power steamships. The steam Engine was central to the Industrial Revolution. -
American Revolution
It was a Political advancement that took place between 1765 and 1783. The Thirteen American Colonies broke from the British and fromed an Independent nation. It transfromed America politically, Socially and Intellectually. -
Jose Maria Morelos
Jose was an overall military leader and commander of Mexico's Indepedence movement. He fought with Miguel Hidalgo in their rebellion against Spain. He eventually became the military leader after Hidalgo's death. -
Napolean Bonaparte
Napolean was a French military and political leader whose rise to power occured during the end of the French Revolution. He was considered to be the savior of the French Revolution because he ended it and put in plce government which allowed equality for a broken country. He unified France and Died May 5, 1812. -
The Wealth of Nations
The Wealth of Nations was a work written by Adam Smith in Scotland. It gives an indepth description of what it takes to build a nations wealth.It reflected back on the begining of the Industrial revolution, divsion of labor and market economy. -
Independence of USA
The Declaration of Independence was signed on this day and made the 13 colonies independent from England. -
Declaration of Independence
The Declaration was written in 1776 and its purpose was the free the thriteen colonies from Great Britan so they culd function indpendently as sovergin states. Instead a new ation was born, the United States of America. Thomas jefferson was chosen to write the original copy by a committee. -
Jose De San Martin
He was an Argentinian General, a governor and patriot who led his nation during the wars of independence from Spain. He is revered in Argentina where he is considered a founding father and also led the liberation of Chile and Peru. -
Simon Bolivar
He is well known for being a political and military leader who played a huge role in the Latin American Battle for independence against the Spanish. he gained indepnedence for many nations. These included Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Venezuela. -
Second Estate
THe second estate was made up of the Nobility and the royals or knights The overall idea of the estate is social structre in the Middle ages. The Second Estate is generally broken into the "nobility of the robe" and is administered by Royal Justice. -
American Constitution
The Consitiution of the United States of America is the supreme body of laws in America. It had seven artcles originally, the first three were the adresses to speration of power, the legislative, judicial, and exectutive. The body of laws was accepted on September 17, in the year 1787 in Philidelphia, Pennsylvania and it went into effect on March 4, 1789. -
First Estate
The First Estate of France was made up of the Church and entire clergy. The three estates were made up of divisions of wealth and importance. The first and second estates almost always voted in the kinds favor. the Third esate was made up of the majority of the French population. They deemed the system unfair and unjust. This later led to the French revolution. -
The French Revolution
It was a revolt of the Third estate against the First and Second esates due to unfair voting within the government and dealing with taes. the most poor were forced to pay the most taxes and the rich paid little to nothing the king was stripped from his power and the people hold postions in government. -
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
It was written during the French revolution. It defines indivdual and collective rights for all estates in France. It is sthe fundamental doctument for all free people and is in place currently. -
Jacobins
A Jacobin is someone that spports a centralized republic government during the French Revolution, a Jacobin was reffering to someone who suppored the ideas of the revolution. It was a term used to describe the Jacobin Club, a revolutionary movement that had been the most famous political club in the French Revolution -
Estates General
The Estates General was summoned for the first time since 1614. It was a meeting of representatives of the three estates. the discussed the financial crisis and revolt o the people. The power of the ing was weakening and the tird estae felt they werre being overruled. A natioanl assembly was formed on June 17. -
The National Assembly
It was formed by representatives of the Third estate and the Estate General. In August 1789 the National assembly drafted the "Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen", it guarenteed equal rights for all citizens of France and protected those from government action of legislation. -
Bastille Day
Bastille Day is celebrated every year on July 14. It ia a national day in France commemorationg the beginning of the French revolution and the storming of the Bastille. it was a large prison in Paris filled with ammunition and gunpowder wich was valued so citezins of paris could protect themselves. -
Cottage Industry
The Cottage industry is a system used to make products in which people work out of their own homes and use their own equipment to make goods. It was widespread in the Industial revoultion throughout England and America. The system also allowed for economic growth during this time period. -
Gullotine
The gullotine is a device designed to execute individuals by beheading them. It is a tall upright frame weighted and angled blade raised to the top and suspened. the condemed person secured at the bottom of the frame with their neck held directly below the blade. -
Independence of Haiti
After a slave revolt and extensive warring Haiti independece was declared on January 1, 1804. -
Haitian Revolution
The revolution began with a slave revolt in Frances colony of St. Domingue. It was the only revoltion involving the revolt of slaves to found a state, therefore causing it to be the most sucsessful. extensive warring occured and idpendence was eventually decalred, in November 1783. -
A Vindication of Rights of Women
It was written by British Mary Wollstonecraft, a feminist. It was one of the earliest works written for feminist philosophy. Mary inended to write a more thoughtful and strong seond volume but she died before its completion. -
Commitee on Public Saftey
The Commitee of Public Safety was created by the National Covention in France, during the Reign of Terror. It sucseeded the Comittee of General Defense and protected the new republic against foregin attack and internal issues. It was made up of 12 members who had military, judicary, and legislative powers. -
Interchangeable Parts
Parts are made for certian functions thought they are nearly identical. They fit into any assembly of the same type of good. One part of a good can eassily replace another one, without any custom fitting. This is an interchangeable relationship which allows easy assembly of devices and already existing ones. It minimizes time and skill required of one person to do a job. -
Mexican Revolution
The major cause of this revolution was, The age of Enlightenment and and the liberal revolutions which occured at the end of the 1700's. Spain under the rule of Isabella II granted Mexico independant from Spain in 1836 -
Capitalisim
It is known as a system in which trade and industry is controlled all by one owner. All means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth for goods and rescources they created, which caused wealth for one family or group of people. Capitalisim was commonly found in the United States in peole like Rockefeller, Vanderbuilt -
Bank of France
The financial head of banks in France contolled 15 banks and when violence from the French revolution got out of hand they oredered the rise of Napolean to restore order. As a reward, he granted them a monopoly of French Finances and contoll of the bank of France. -
Napoleonic Code
The Napoleonic Code id the French civil code established under Napolean in 1804. it states that the government jobs are filled by the most qulaified and not the next heir. it allows freedom of religion and doesnt allow privelege based on birth it was put in place March 21, 1804. -
Independence of Bolivia
After a long fought war independence was declared August 6, 1825. -
Independence of Colombia
Colombian independence was declared from Spain. -
Independence of Chile
The royalist of Spain warred against Chilean's and the decalration was signed in 1818 -
Indepedence of Paraguay
Paraguay was considered independent from Spain -
Independence of Venezuela
July 5, 1811 Venezuela decalred independencec from Spain. -
Independence of Argentina
Argentina fueded with Spain and they declared independence by the Congress of Tucuman in 1816. -
Karl Marx
Karl was a German Philsopher, economist, historian, journalist, and socialist. He wored in economics and made the base for understanding labor and how it related to capital, he had much infulence in economic thought, and he published the famous book The Communist Manifesto which explains his veiws. -
Indepedence of Peru
Peru becomes indpendent from Spain. -
Independence of Mexico
Mexico warred poltically and socially against Spain in the Mexican revolution and indpendence was decalred on Septemeber 17, 1821. -
Independence of Ecuador
After two years of battles against South American armies Independence was finally reached. -
Independece of Brazil
Ther were political disputes beween Brazil and Portugal and they begani in 1821, and ended in 1824. -
Independence of Uruguay
Uruguay became indepentendt from Brazil after years and years of harsh fighting in 1825. -
Petroleum
James Young set up a small business refining oil. Petroleum was a vital resource in the duration of the Industrial Revoultion. It caused extreme wealth within families during the Gilded Age. -
Communsim
Communisim was developed into a scientifc theory by a German philosopher Karl Marx. It is the theory of social organization based on holding all of the property in common, actual ownership and being ascribed to a comunity as a whole or to the state. -
The Communist Manifesto
The Manifesto was written by Theorists Karl Marx. It has ben recognized as one of the worlds most infulential polotical manuscripts. The Book holds Marx's and Engel's theories about the habits and nature of society and politics. It briefty explains the ideas of how Capitalist society during that time would eventually be replaced. -
Factory System
It is a method of production and manufacturing used in England during the Industrial Revolution. It replaced the Cottage Industry. Machinery was used powered by water and steam to complete tasks. Cheap labor was used to work in the factories. -
Bessemer Process
The Bessmer Process was the first Inexpensive idustrial process for the mass production of steel from molten raw iorn into an open hearth furnace. The key principle is removing impurities from iorn by oxidation methods. the production is named by its inventor Henry Bessemer. -
Valdimir Lenin
Valdimir was the leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. he was also the Premier of the Soviet Union. He established the first communist government when he over threw the Russian Provisonal Government. He died due to a brain hemorrhage at 54. -
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a collective effort and term used to expalin a series of smaller revolutions in Russia. THe first occured in February when the Imperial government was overthrown. The second was in October that put the Bolshevik's in power and also ended centuries of imperial rule. This was when social and Poltical change was set in motion.
