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The creation of the Encyclopédie
The Encyclopédie maded under the direction of Diderot and D'Alembert, perhaps the best known, which was published in France in 35 volumes beginning in 1751 and ending in 1780. Its threshold, the Preliminary Speech, is considered an important exposition of the ideas of the Enlightenment. -
Independence of United States of America
The Declaration of Independence of the United States is the pronouncement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776. No longer under British rule, with the Declaration,these new states formed the United States of America. . The declaration was signed by representatives of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. -
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French revolution
The French Revolution (in French, Révolution française) was a social and political conflict, with various periods of violence, that convulsed France and, by extension of its implications, other nations of Europe that faced supporters and opponents of the system known as the Old Regime. It began with the self-proclamation of the Third Estate as the National Assembly in 1789 and ended with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in 1799. -
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The Napoleonic Empire
It was the government established by Napoleon Bonaparte after the dissolution of the First French Republic in 1804. At its peak, the Empire comprised most of Western and Central Europe, as well as possessing numerous colonial domains and client states. The regime lasted from May 18, 1804 - Napoleon's proclamation as Emperor - until July 7, 1815, the day the forces of King Louis XVIII entered Paris. -
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The Spanish War of Independence
The Spanish War of Independence was a military conflict that took place between 1808 and 1814 within the context of the Napoleonic Wars, which pitted the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the First French Empire, whose aim was to install Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the Spanish throne after the abdication of Bayonne. -
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Ferdinand VII of Spain
Ferdinand VII of Spain, called "the Desired", personally occupied the Spanish throne between March and May 1808 and, after the expulsion of the "intruder king" José I Bonaparte and his return to the country, again from May 1814 until his death, except for the brief interval in 1823 when he was removed by the Regency Council. Faced with the French advance on the Peninsula, the power vacuum leads to a liberal revolution in America and Spain that aims to put an end to the Old Regime. -
The constitution of Cádiz
The Political Constitution of the Spanish Monarchy, better known as the Spanish Constitution of 1812 or the Cádiz Constitution, popularly known as the Pepa, was promulgated by the Spanish Cortes Generales extraordinarily gathered in Cádiz on March 19, 1812. It has been granted a great historical importance for being the first Constitution promulgated in Spain, in addition to being one of the most liberal of its time. -
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Congress of Viena
The Congress of Vienna was an international meeting held in the Austrian capital, convened with the aim of reestablishing the borders of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte and reorganizing the political ideologies of the Old Regime. -
Revolution of 1820
It was the first of the so-called revolutionary waves or cycles that shook Europe after the Napoleonic wars and which were repeated successively in those of 1830 and 1848. Its ideological axes were liberalism and nationalism. Since the most affected countries were those of southern Europe (the episodes in other areas, such as Germany or France, were of much less importance). -
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Liberal Triennium
It is known as the Liberal Triennium to the nineteenth-century period of the contemporary history of Spain that takes place between 1820 and 1823. This constitutional triennium begins on January 1, 1820 with the military uprising of Rafael del Riego to restore the Constitution of Cádiz de 1812 against the absolutist government of King Ferdinand VII. The Triennium ends on October 1, 1823, when King Ferdinand VII dissolves the Spanish Courts and annuls the legislation of the Triennium. -
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The Spanish-American wars of independence
The Spanish-American wars of independence were a series of armed conflicts between 1809 and 1829, which took place in the American colonies and possessions of the Spanish Empire at the beginning of the 19th century, in which the side in favor of independence, also called revolutionary, faced each other. or patriot, against the side in favor of maintaining the integrity of the Spanish Monarchy, which would later be known as royalist or viceregal. -
Revolution of 1830
The Revolution of 1830 was a revolutionary process that began in Paris, France, with the so-called July Revolution or the Three Glorious (Trois Glorieuses) revolutionary days in Paris that brought Louis Philippe I of France to the throne. of July. It spread over a good part of the European continent, especially in Belgium, which gained independence from the Netherlands; Germany and Italy, where he identified with the unifying nationalist movements. -
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Isabel II of Spain
Isabel II of Spain, called "la de los Tristes Destinos" or "la Reina Castiza", was queen of Spain between 1833 and 1868, thanks to the repeal of the Succession Regulation of 1713 through the Pragmatic Sanction of 1830. -
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The German unification
The unification of Germany took place in the second half of the 19th century in Central Europe and ended with the creation of the German Empire on January 18, 1871, bringing together various states until then independent
Before the formation of a unified national state, the territory of Germany was divided into a political mosaic of 39 states.1 Among them, the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia stood out for their economic and political importance. -
Revolution of 1848
It was the third wave of the broader revolutionary cycle of the first half of the 19th century. In addition to being liberal revolutions, the 1848 revolutions were characterized by the importance of nationalist demonstrations and by the beginning of the first organized demonstrations of the labor movement. Initiated in France, they spread rapidly throughout almost all of central Europe (Germany, Austria, Hungary) and Italy in the first half of 1848. -
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The Italian Unification
Italian Unification was the historical process that, throughout the 19th century, led to the union of the various States into which the Italian peninsula was divided, for the most part linked to dynasties considered "non-Italian", such as the Habsburgs or the Bourbons. -
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I Republic
The First Spanish Republic was the political regime in force in Spain from its proclamation by the Cortes, on February 11, 1873, until December 29, 1874, when the pronouncement of General Martínez Campos led to the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy. -
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The Bourbon Restoration
The Bourbon Restoration is known as the political stage in the history of Spain developed under the monarchical system that lasted between the end of 1874 and April 14, 1931. -
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BALKAN WARS
The Balkan Wars consisted of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan States in 1912 and 1913. In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria fought against the original four combatants of the first war. The Ottoman Empire lost most of its territory in Europe. -
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FIRST WORLD WAR
The First World War, often abbreviated as WWI or WW1, also known as the First World War and at the same time known as the Great War, was an international conflict that began on July 28, 1914 and ended on the 11 November 1918. The genocides perpetrated by the Ottomans and the Spanish flu pandemic spread by the movement of combatants during the war caused many millions of additional deaths worldwide. It involved Europe, Russia, the USA, Turkey, the Middle East, Africa and Asia. -
FEBRUARY REVOLUTION
The February Revolution known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917. The main events of the revolution took place in and near Petrograd , the then-capital of Russia, where long-standing discontent with the monarchy erupted into mass protests against food rationing on 23 February Old Style . On 27 February O. . -
OCTOBER REVOLUTION
The October Revolution, officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution under the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik Party that was instrumental in the later Russian revolution. great from 1917-1923 . It was the second revolutionary change of government in Russia in 1917. It took place through an armed insurrection in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) on November 7, 1917. -
TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK
The Peace of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918 in the Belarusian city of Brest-Litovsk between the German Empire, Bulgaria, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and Soviet Russia. He also handed over Ardahan, Kars and Batumi to the Ottoman Empire. -
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the World War I peace treaties. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied powers. It was signed on June 28, 1919 at the Palace of Versailles, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, which led to the war. -
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
The League of Nations was the first global intergovernmental organization whose primary mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on January 10, 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. -
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SECOND WORLD WAR
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.In a total war directly involving more than 100 million personnel from more than 30 countries, the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, blurring the distinction between civilian and military resources. -
OPERATION BARBAROSSA
The operation, code-named after Frederick Barbarossa, a 12th-century Holy Roman emperor and German king, put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goal of conquering the western Soviet Union to repopulate it with Germans. -
ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOUR
The United States was a neutral country at the time; the attack led to its formal entry into World War II the next day. The Japanese military leadership referred to the attack as the Hawaii Operation and Operation AI, and as Operation Z during its planning. -
UNITED NATIONS
On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter, which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on 24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. Pursuant to the Charter, the organization's objectives include maintaining international peace and security, protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding international law. -
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ATOMIC BOMB ON HIROSHUMA AND NAGASAKI
The United States detonated two atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 and 9 August 1945, respectively. The two bombings killed between 129,000 and 226,000 people, most of whom were civilians, and remain the only use of nuclear weapons in armed conflict. -
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Of the 58 members of the United Nations at the time, 48 voted in favour, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote.
The Declaration is considered a «milestone document» for its «universalist language», which makes no reference to a particular culture, political system, or religion. -
BLOODY SUNDAY
The Bloody Sunday 1972 or Bogside Massacre1 was a massacre that occurred on January 30, 1972, when British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from soldiers, and others were shot while trying to help the wounded. The soldiers belonged to the 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment, the same battalion implicated in the Ballymurphy massacre several months earlier.
