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Period: 500 BCE to 1180
Establishing the World of Education
The eldest Sophists were considered to be the ancestors of Educational Technology. They never formally formed a school, but served as freelance teachers. Socrates, in-contrast to the Sophists, focused on understanding the nature of virtue as a guide to moral conduct. Plato and Xenophon were his students, together they formed the Socratic Method. The instructional method was first formed by Abelard at the University of Paris, where he taught students how to form opinions independently. -
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Building Educational Institutions and Forming Methods
Johann Amos Comenius was known as the first forerunner of modern education. He proposed a system open to all that began in kindergarten through university. Comenius also established instructional principles that advocated the order of nature and the learners developmental stage as a starting point for instruction. Following along his path were Pestalozzianism, the forming of kindergarten and the learning by doing movement. -
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Educational Theory & The Kindergarten Movement
95'000 pupils were enrolled in Kindergarten by 1880, thanks to Friedrich Froebels influence and students. Following this educational movement was the application of systematic psychology and the four-step method in schools trending across the USA. Herbartians wrote most of the educational texts and dominated educational journals. -
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The Birth of Instructional Media
In the 20th century we start to notice the use of visual instruction being integrated in museums and eventually schools. Visual instruction included: stereographs, slides, films, study prints, charts and more. -
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Technology Advancements
Technological advancements were influencing the instructional movement through: radio broadcasting, sound recording, and sound motion pictures. Audiovisual enthusiasts predicted that the radio would be the medium which would revolutionize education. -
The Birth of Behavioral Objectives & AECT
Ralph Tyler has been considered the father of behavioral objectives. This was incidentally around the same time (1932) that the three National Professional Organizations for Visual Instruction were re-formed and named the Department of Visual Instruction (DVO).The DVO is known as the AECT organization today. -
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WW2 Tech Boom & The Birth of Instructional Design
During WW2 training methods included the usage of film, which was the most widely used media tool for educational purposes. This method was also used across business and industry. However, audio visual instruction plummeted in schools during this time. The birth of instructional design was traced back to the war where psychologists and educators were called to conduct research and develop training materials. -
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America's Institute for Research
Many of the psychologists were responsible for the success of training materials created and conducted during WW2. This lead to the establishment of the American Institutes for Research. The main focus was for psychologists to start viewing training as a system, develop innovative analysis, design and evaluation procedures which are essential to instructional design today. -
The Tech Boom
Instructional TV started to peak during the 1950's. The increase in interest was due to the funding by the feral communications department and the ford foundation. They invested in technological advancements which resulted in instruction being delivered to various grade-levels and colleges.
Additionally, IBM created the authoring language called the Computer Assistance Instruction for schools. Micro-computers started to become popular in businesses. -
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Learning Sciences & Assessment Methods
At the same time, B.F. Skinner write the book The Science of Learning & The Art of Teaching, Bloom published the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives and Gagné published Conditions of Learning. The emergence of criterion reference testing was taking place during the 1960's after effective evaluation methods were introduced for military training. The US Military started to become interested in formal instructional design methods. -
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Micro-Computers and the Old E-Learning
Micro-computers started to increase training efficiency in business and industries for training and development purposes. The rise of computer-based training (old e-learning) models, influenced the instructional design field drastically. -
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The Internet & Education
The rise in internet usage for distance education also increased instructional media usage in schools. The rise of rapid proto-typing was taking place in the world of instructional design. -
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The New E-Learning
Wikis, distance learning and OER's started to become the trend in the world of educational technology. E-learning was mostly created at a needs basis. -
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The New Learning Media
Youtube, Wikis, OER's and MOOC' started trending in the world of education. Although teachers still did not see much of an educational value in audiovisual education (film) for in person learning, these tools were integrated mostly for blended learning and in person learning times.