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1448
Printed Materials
The printing press was invented by Johann Gutenberg, a German goldsmith. This invention allowed for the mass production of books, making it possible for the general population to avail of a copy. Source: Retrieved from http://ezproxy.kotui.ac.nz/login?url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2643450235/SUIC?u=per_k12&xid=cd640e94 Image Source: https://www.biography.com/people/johannes-gutenberg-9323828 -
Chalkboards
James Pillans, a headmaster at a school in Scotland, connected several slates together to create a larger slate for teaching geography to his students. Source: (http://www.slate.com/articles/life/education/2014/10/a_history_of_the_blackboard_how_the_blackboard_became_an_effective_and_ubiquitous.html) Image source: https://www.etsy.com/market/slate_chalkboard -
Learning at a Distance
Isaac Pitman offers shorthand instruction via correspondence using England's newly established penny post. Students worked independently on course material and interaction between faculty
and students was limited to one-way communications. Source: Matthews, Diane. "The Origins of Distance Education." T.H.E. Journal.Vol. 27, No. 2 Sept. 99. 56-66. Image Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Isaac-Pitman -
First School Museum Opens in St. Louis, Missouri
The museum housed and distributed supplementary photographs, slides, films, study prints, charts, and other instructional materials. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. Image source: https://www.sutori.com/item/1905-first-school-museum-opens-in-st-louis -
Visual Education
Keystone Publishing Company publishes Visual Education, a teacher's guide to lantern slides and stereographs. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. Image Source: https://openlibrary.org/publishers/Keystone_view_company_(incorporated)_Educational_dept. -
Instructional Films
The first catalog of instructional films was published in the US. Portable movie projectors were first used in schools in Rochester, NY. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. Image source:
http://www3.hants.gov.uk/wfsa/wfsa-collections/educational-films.htm -
Thomas Edison
In 1913, he proclaimed the following: "Books will soon be obsolete in the schools…It is possible to teach every branch of human knowledge with the motion picture. Our school system will be completely changed in the next ten years." Source:
http://edison.rutgers.edu/connect.htm Image Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison -
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Visual Instructional Movement
This movement resulted in the establishment of professional organizations, journal publications, teacher training institutions, and the development of visual education bureaus at schools. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. -
Period: to
Evolution from Visual to Audiovisual
The incorporation of sound through new technological innovations makes it possible to blend the use of audio with video, further increasing the possibilities of learning and teaching at a distance. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. -
Period: to
Audiovisual Instruction for Military and Industry
During this time period, the US Air Force produced over 400 training films and 600 film strips. In 1941, the US government established the Division of Visual Aids for War Training. Instructional films were also produced to prepare employees for various industry. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. -
Cone of Experience
During this year, Edgar Dale developed the "Cone of Experience" to explain the relationships of the different types of visual and audio media and their roles in the learning process. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. Image Source:
http://nerizonhenry.blogspot.com/2009/12/lesson-5-cone-of-experience.html -
Period: to
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI)
Researchers at IBM developed the first CAI author language and designed one of the first CAI programs to be used in public schools. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. -
Television for Instruction
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) designates 242 channels for educational use. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. Image source:
http://www.mommyish.com/tag/educational-television/ -
Programmed Instruction
Skinner published "The Science of Learning and the Art of Teaching". This fueled the programmed instruction movement. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. Image Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._F._Skinner -
Bloom's Taxonomy
Bloom's Taxonomy was introduced under the leadership of educational psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom. The purpose was to promote higher forms of thinking in education instead of just role learning and/or memorizing. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. Image Source:
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html -
Overhead Projectors
Roger Appeldorn created a machine that projected the image of writing on clear film. Source:
https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2013/02/vision-learning-history-classroom-projectors Image Source:
https://edtechmagazine.com/k12/article/2013/02/vision-learning-history-classroom-projectors -
Preparing Objectives for Programmed Instruction
Robert Mager publishes a book by this title, which describes the process of writing learning objectives that outline conditions, criteria, and behavior. Source:
Reiser, R.A., & Dempsey, J.V. (Eds.) (2012). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (3rd ed.). Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Image Source:
http://donaldclarkplanb.blogspot.com/2012/04/mager-mr-learning-objectives-in-this.html -
The Conditions of Learning
Robert Gagne introduces five learning domains and nine events of instruction. Source:
Reiser, R.A., & Dempsey, J.V. (Eds.) (2012). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (3rd ed.). Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Image source:
https://coursearc.com/gagnes-nine-events-of-instruction/ -
AECT
The Department of Audiovisual Instruction changed its name to the Association for Educational Communications and Technology. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. Image source:
http://www.derrickdrodgers.com/competencies/synthesize-knowledge-5/ -
Period: to
What's in a name?
By the early 1970s, the terms educational technology and instructional technology began to replace audiovisual instruction. These terms began to be used to describe the application of media for instructional purposes. Source:
Reiser, R.A. (2001). A History of Instructional Design and Technology: Part I: A History of Instructional Media. Educational Technology Research and Development , 49 (1), 53-64. -
Scantron System of Testing
Introduced by Michael Sokolski, enabled teachers to efficiently grade student tests. Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Sokolski Image Source:
https://purposedriventeaching.net/2017/01/29/socrative-the-scantron-for-today/ -
IBM
IBM introduced its first personal computer. Time magazine named this computer its “Man of the Year” in 1982. Source:
http://online.purdue.edu/ldt/learning-design-technology/resources/evolution-technology-classroom Image Source:
http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19830103,00.html -
Computers for Instruction
By the early 1980s, there was an increased interest in using computers for instruction. In January 1983, computers were being used for instructional purposes in more than 40% of all elementary schools and more than 75% of all secondary schools. Source:
http://online.purdue.edu/ldt/learning-design-technology/resources/evolution-technology-classroom Image source:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/bobcanada/2435584286 -
Apple
Apple's MAC becomes available. Source:
http://online.purdue.edu/ldt/learning-design-technology/resources/evolution-technology-classroom Image Source:
http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1984/ -
Toshiba
Toshiba released its first mass-market consumer laptop. Source:
http://online.purdue.edu/ldt/learning-design-technology/resources/evolution-technology-classroom Image source:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/47320195@N03/4481869084 -
Period: to
Constructivisim
Increased interest in constructivist theories and how they apply to teaching and learning. Source:
Reiser, R.A., & Dempsey, J.V. (Eds.) (2012). Trends and Issues in Instructional Design and Technology (3rd ed.). Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. -
Computers: A part of every day life!
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) were released by Apple Computer Inc. Source:
http://online.purdue.edu/ldt/learning-design-technology/resources/evolution-technology-classroom Image source:
http://oldcomputers.net/apple-newton.html
